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📁 This ECMA Standard specifies the form and establishes the interpretation of programs written in the
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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><title>Hyperlinked ECMA C# Language Specification</title><meta name="author" content="Jon Jagger" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="ecma334.css"></link></head><body><div align="right"><em><a href="http://www.jaggersoft.com">Jon Jagger</a></em></div><div align="right"><a href="mailto:jon@jaggersoft.com">jon@jaggersoft.com</a></div><form method="get" action="http://search.atomz.com/search/"><input size="30" name="sp-q"></input><input type="submit" value="Search C# Spec"></input><input type="hidden" name="sp-a" value="sp10024177"></input><input type="hidden" name="sp-f" value="ISO-8859-1"></input></form><a href="toc.htm">Table of Contents</a> <a href="1.htm">1</a> <a href="2.htm">2</a> <a href="3.htm">3</a> <a href="4.htm">4</a> <a href="5.htm">5</a> <a href="6.htm">6</a> <a href="7.htm">7</a> <a href="8.htm">8</a> <a href="9.htm">9</a> <a href="10.htm">10</a> <a href="11.htm">11</a> <a href="12.htm">12</a> <a href="13.htm">13</a> <a href="14.htm">14</a> <a href="15.htm">15</a> <a href="16.htm">16</a> <a href="17.htm">17</a> <a href="18.htm">18</a> <a href="19.htm">19</a> <a href="20.htm">20</a> <a href="21.htm">21</a> <a href="22.htm">22</a> <a href="23.htm">23</a> <a href="24.htm">24</a> <a href="25.htm">25</a> <a href="notes.htm">Notes</a> <a href="HyperlinkedCSharpECMA.zip">Download</a><span class="ruler"></span><span class="heading">ECMA-334 C# Language Specification</span><span class="navigate"><a href="17.10.4.htm"><img src="previous.gif" alt="previous" border="0" /></a><a href="17.10.6.htm"><img src="next.gif" alt="next" border="0" /></a></span><span class="clause-depth"><a href="16.htm"><img src="previous.gif" alt="previous at this level" border="0" /></a><a href="18.htm"><img src="next.gif" alt="next at this level" border="0" /></a> <span class="clause-number-link"><a href="17.htm">17</a></span><span class="clause-title-previous"> Classes</span></span><span class="clause-depth"><a href="17.9.htm"><img src="previous.gif" alt="previous at this level" border="0" /></a><a href="17.11.htm"><img src="next.gif" alt="next at this level" border="0" /></a> <span class="clause-number-link"><a href="17.10.htm">17.10</a></span><span class="clause-title-previous"> Instance constructors</span></span><span class="clause-depth"><a href="17.10.4.htm"><img src="previous.gif" alt="previous at this level" border="0" /></a><a href="17.10.6.htm"><img src="next.gif" alt="next at this level" border="0" /></a> <span class="clause-number">17.10.5</span><span class="clause-title"> Private constructors</span></span><span class="locator">
     Paragraph 1</span><span class="paragraph"><span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">1</span> <a name="P1S1"></a>When a class declares only private instance constructors, it is not possible for other classes to derive from that class or to create instances of that class (an exception being classes nested within that class).</span> <span class="example">[Example: Private instance constructors are commonly used in classes that contain only static members. For example: <pre class="code-example">
public class Trig  
{  
   private Trig() {}   // Prevent instantiation  
   public const double PI = 3.14159265358979323846;  
   public static double Sin(double x) {...}  
   public static double Cos(double x) {...}  
   public static double Tan(double x) {...}  
}  
</pre></span></span><span class="paragraph"><span class="example">The Trig class groups related methods and constants, but is not intended to be instantiated. Therefore, it declares a single empty private instance constructor. end example]</span> <span class="sentence"><span class="sentence-number">2</span> <a name="P1S2"></a>At least one instance constructor must be declared to suppress the automatic generation of a default constructor.</span> </span><span class="ruler"></span><table><tr><td><table align="left" bgcolor="navy"><tr bgcolor="navy"><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="6" color="yellow"><strong>{ JSL }</strong></font></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2" color="navy"><strong>Jagger Software Ltd</strong></font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2" color="navy"><strong>Company # 4070126</strong></font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2" color="navy"><strong>VAT # 762 5213 42</strong></font></td></tr></table><img src="valid-html401.png" align="left" height="31" width="88" alt="Valid HTML 4.01" /><img src="vcss.gif" align="left" height="31" width="88" alt="Valid CSS" /></body></html>
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