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<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /><title>Hyperlinked ECMA C# Language Specification</title><meta name="author" content="Jon Jagger" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="ecma334.css"></link></head><body><div align="right"><em><a href="http://www.jaggersoft.com">Jon Jagger</a></em></div><div align="right"><a href="mailto:jon@jaggersoft.com">jon@jaggersoft.com</a></div><form method="get" action="http://search.atomz.com/search/"><input size="30" name="sp-q"></input><input type="submit" value="Search C# Spec"></input><input type="hidden" name="sp-a" value="sp10024177"></input><input type="hidden" name="sp-f" value="ISO-8859-1"></input></form><a href="toc.htm">Table of Contents</a> <a href="1.htm">1</a> <a href="2.htm">2</a> <a href="3.htm">3</a> <a href="4.htm">4</a> <a href="5.htm">5</a> <a href="6.htm">6</a> <a href="7.htm">7</a> <a href="8.htm">8</a> <a href="9.htm">9</a> <a href="10.htm">10</a> <a href="11.htm">11</a> <a href="12.htm">12</a> <a href="13.htm">13</a> <a href="14.htm">14</a> <a href="15.htm">15</a> <a href="16.htm">16</a> <a href="17.htm">17</a> <a href="18.htm">18</a> <a href="19.htm">19</a> <a href="20.htm">20</a> <a href="21.htm">21</a> <a href="22.htm">22</a> <a href="23.htm">23</a> <a href="24.htm">24</a> <a href="25.htm">25</a> <a href="notes.htm">Notes</a> <a href="HyperlinkedCSharpECMA.zip">Download</a><span class="ruler"></span><span class="heading">ECMA-334 C# Language Specification</span><span class="navigate"><a href="8.6.htm"><img src="previous.gif" alt="previous" border="0" /></a><a href="8.7.1.htm"><img src="next.gif" alt="next" border="0" /></a></span><span class="clause-depth"><a href="7.htm"><img src="previous.gif" alt="previous at this level" border="0" /></a><a href="9.htm"><img src="next.gif" alt="next at this level" border="0" /></a> <span class="clause-number-link"><a href="8.htm">8</a></span><span class="clause-title-previous"> Language Overview</span></span><span class="clause-depth"><a href="8.6.htm"><img src="previous.gif" alt="previous at this level" border="0" /></a><a href="8.8.htm"><img src="next.gif" alt="next at this level" border="0" /></a> <span class="clause-number">8.7</span><span class="clause-title"> Classes</span></span><span class="informative"><span class="paragraph">Class declarations define new reference types. A class can inherit from another class, and can implement interfaces. </span><span class="paragraph">Class members can include constants, fields, methods, properties, events, indexers, operators, instance constructors, destructors, static constructors, and nested type declarations. Each member has an associated accessibility (<a href="10.5.htm">§10.5</a>), which controls the regions of program text that are able to access the member. There are five possible forms of accessibility. These are summarized in the table below.
<table border="1">
<tr>
<th align="left">Form</th>
<th align="left">Intuitive meaning</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>public</td>
<td>Access not limited</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>protected</td>
<td>Access limited to the containing class or types derived from the
containing class</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>internal</td>
<td>Access limited to this program</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>protected</br>internal</td>
<td>Access limited to this program or types derived from the
containing class</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>private</td>
<td>Access limited to the containing type</td>
</tr>
</table>
</span><span class="paragraph">The example <pre class="code-example">
using System;
class MyClass
{
public MyClass() {
Console.WriteLine("Instance constructor");
}
public MyClass(int value) {
MyField = value;
Console.WriteLine("Instance constructor");
}
~MyClass() {
Console.WriteLine("Destructor");
}
public const int MyConst = 12;
public int MyField = 34;
public void MyMethod(){
Console.WriteLine("MyClass.MyMethod");
}
public int MyProperty {
get {
return MyField;
}
set {
MyField = value;
}
}
public int this[int index] {
get {
return 0;
}
set {
Console.WriteLine("this[{0}] = {1}", index, value);
}
}
public event EventHandler MyEvent;
public static MyClass operator+(MyClass a, MyClass b) {
return new MyClass(a.MyField + b.MyField);
}
internal class MyNestedClass
{}
}
</pre>shows a class that contains each kind of member. The example <pre class="code-example">
class Test
{
static void Main() {
// Instance constructor usage
MyClass a = new MyClass();
MyClass b = new MyClass(123);
// Constant usage
Console.WriteLine("MyConst = {0}", MyClass.MyConst);
// Field usage
a.MyField++;
Console.WriteLine("a.MyField = {0}", a.MyField);
// Method usage
a.MyMethod();
// Property usage
a.MyProperty++;
Console.WriteLine("a.MyProperty = {0}", a.MyProperty);
// Indexer usage
a[3] = a[1] = a[2];
Console.WriteLine("a[3] = {0}", a[3]);
// Event usage
a.MyEvent += new EventHandler(MyHandler);
// Overloaded operator usage
MyClass c = a + b;
}
static void MyHandler(object sender, EventArgs e) {
Console.WriteLine("Test.MyHandler");
}
internal class MyNestedClass
{}
}
</pre>shows uses of these members. </span></span><span class="ruler"></span><table><tr><td><table align="left" bgcolor="navy"><tr bgcolor="navy"><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="6" color="yellow"><strong>{ JSL }</strong></font></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2" color="navy"><strong>Jagger Software Ltd</strong></font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2" color="navy"><strong>Company # 4070126</strong></font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2" color="navy"><strong>VAT # 762 5213 42</strong></font></td></tr></table><img src="valid-html401.png" align="left" height="31" width="88" alt="Valid HTML 4.01" /><img src="vcss.gif" align="left" height="31" width="88" alt="Valid CSS" /></body></html>⌨️ 快捷键说明
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