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This ECMA Standard specifies the form and establishes the interpretation of programs written in the

<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="17.10.1.htm">17.10.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Constructor initializers</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="17.10.2.htm">17.10.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Instance variable initializers</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="17.10.3.htm">17.10.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Constructor execution</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="17.10.4.htm">17.10.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Default constructors</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="17.10.5.htm">17.10.5</a> <span class="toc-name">Private constructors</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="17.10.6.htm">17.10.6</a> <span class="toc-name">Optional instance constructor parameters</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="17.11.htm">17.11</a> <span class="toc-name">Static constructors</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="17.12.htm">17.12</a> <span class="toc-name">Destructors</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><a href="18.htm">18</a> <span class="toc-name">Structs</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="18.1.htm">18.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Struct declarations</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="18.1.1.htm">18.1.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Struct modifiers</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="18.1.2.htm">18.1.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Struct interfaces</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="18.1.3.htm">18.1.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Struct body</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="18.2.htm">18.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Struct members</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="18.3.htm">18.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Class and struct differences</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="18.3.1.htm">18.3.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Value semantics</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="18.3.2.htm">18.3.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Inheritance</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="18.3.3.htm">18.3.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Assignment</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="18.3.4.htm">18.3.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Default values</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="18.3.5.htm">18.3.5</a> <span class="toc-name">Boxing and unboxing</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="18.3.6.htm">18.3.6</a> <span class="toc-name">Meaning of this</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="18.3.7.htm">18.3.7</a> <span class="toc-name">Field initializers</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="18.3.8.htm">18.3.8</a> <span class="toc-name">Constructors</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="18.3.9.htm">18.3.9</a> <span class="toc-name">Destructors</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="18.4.htm">18.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Struct examples</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="18.4.1.htm">18.4.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Database integer type</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="18.4.2.htm">18.4.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Database boolean type</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><a href="19.htm">19</a> <span class="toc-name">Arrays</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="19.1.htm">19.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Array types</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="19.1.1.htm">19.1.1</a> <span class="toc-name">The System.Array type</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="19.2.htm">19.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Array creation</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="19.3.htm">19.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Array element access</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="19.4.htm">19.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Array members</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="19.5.htm">19.5</a> <span class="toc-name">Array covariance</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="19.6.htm">19.6</a> <span class="toc-name">Array initializers</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><a href="20.htm">20</a> <span class="toc-name">Interfaces</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="20.1.htm">20.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Interface declarations</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="20.1.1.htm">20.1.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Interface modifiers</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="20.1.2.htm">20.1.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Base interfaces</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="20.1.3.htm">20.1.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Interface body</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="20.2.htm">20.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Interface members</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="20.2.1.htm">20.2.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Interface methods</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="20.2.2.htm">20.2.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Interface properties</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="20.2.3.htm">20.2.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Interface events</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="20.2.4.htm">20.2.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Interface indexers</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="20.2.5.htm">20.2.5</a> <span class="toc-name">Interface member access</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="20.3.htm">20.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Fully qualified interface member names</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="20.4.htm">20.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Interface implementations</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="20.4.1.htm">20.4.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Explicit interface member implementations</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="20.4.2.htm">20.4.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Interface mapping</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="20.4.3.htm">20.4.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Interface implementation inheritance</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="20.4.4.htm">20.4.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Interface re-implementation</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="20.4.5.htm">20.4.5</a> <span class="toc-name">Abstract classes and interfaces</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><a href="21.htm">21</a> <span class="toc-name">Enums</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="21.1.htm">21.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Enum declarations</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="21.2.htm">21.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Enum modifiers</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="21.3.htm">21.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Enum members</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="21.4.htm">21.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Enum values and operations</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><a href="22.htm">22</a> <span class="toc-name">Delegates</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="22.1.htm">22.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Delegate declarations</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="22.2.htm">22.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Delegate instantiation</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="22.3.htm">22.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Delegate invocation</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><a href="23.htm">23</a> <span class="toc-name">Exceptions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="23.1.htm">23.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Causes of exceptions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="23.2.htm">23.2</a> <span class="toc-name">The System.Exception class</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="23.3.htm">23.3</a> <span class="toc-name">How exceptions are handled</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="23.4.htm">23.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Common Exception Classes</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><a href="24.htm">24</a> <span class="toc-name">Attributes</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="24.1.htm">24.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Attribute classes</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="24.1.1.htm">24.1.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Attribute usage</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="24.1.2.htm">24.1.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Positional and named parameters</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="24.1.3.htm">24.1.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Attribute parameter types</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="24.2.htm">24.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Attribute specification</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="24.3.htm">24.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Attribute instances</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="24.3.1.htm">24.3.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Compilation of an attribute</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="24.3.2.htm">24.3.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Run-time retrieval of an attribute instance</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="24.4.htm">24.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Reserved attributes</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="24.4.1.htm">24.4.1</a> <span class="toc-name">The AttributeUsage attribute</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="24.4.2.htm">24.4.2</a> <span class="toc-name">The Conditional attribute</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="24.4.3.htm">24.4.3</a> <span class="toc-name">The Obsolete attribute</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><a href="25.htm">25</a> <span class="toc-name">Unsafe code</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="25.1.htm">25.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Unsafe contexts</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="25.2.htm">25.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Pointer types</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="25.3.htm">25.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Fixed and moveable variables</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="25.4.htm">25.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Pointer conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="25.5.htm">25.5</a> <span class="toc-name">Pointers in expressions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="25.5.1.htm">25.5.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Pointer indirection</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="25.5.2.htm">25.5.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Pointer member access</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="25.5.3.htm">25.5.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Pointer element access</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="25.5.4.htm">25.5.4</a> <span class="toc-name">The address-of operator</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="25.5.5.htm">25.5.5</a> <span class="toc-name">Pointer increment and decrement</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="25.5.6.htm">25.5.6</a> <span class="toc-name">Pointer arithmetic</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="25.5.7.htm">25.5.7</a> <span class="toc-name">Pointer comparison</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="25.5.8.htm">25.5.8</a> <span class="toc-name">The sizeof operator</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="25.6.htm">25.6</a> <span class="toc-name">The fixed statement</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="25.7.htm">25.7</a> <span class="toc-name">Stack allocation</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="25.8.htm">25.8</a> <span class="toc-name">Dynamic memory allocation</span></span>
</span><span class="ruler"></span><table><tr><td><table align="right" bgcolor="navy"><tr bgcolor="navy"><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="7" color="yellow"><strong>{ JSL }</strong></font></td></tr></table></td></tr><tr><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2" color="navy"><strong>Jagger Software Ltd</strong></font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2" color="navy"><strong>Company # 4070126</strong></font></td></tr><tr><td><font face="Arial,sans-serif" size="2" color="navy"><strong>VAT # 762 5213 42</strong></font></td></tr></table><img src="valid-html401.png" align="left" height="31" width="88" alt="Valid HTML 4.01" /><img src="vcss.gif" align="left" height="31" width="88" alt="Valid CSS" /></body></html>