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This ECMA Standard specifies the form and establishes the interpretation of programs written in the

<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="11.2.4.htm">11.2.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Interface types</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="11.2.5.htm">11.2.5</a> <span class="toc-name">Array types</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="11.2.6.htm">11.2.6</a> <span class="toc-name">Delegate types</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="11.3.htm">11.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Boxing and unboxing</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="11.3.1.htm">11.3.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Boxing conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="11.3.2.htm">11.3.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Unboxing conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><a href="12.htm">12</a> <span class="toc-name">Variables</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="12.1.htm">12.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Variable categories</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="12.1.1.htm">12.1.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Static variables</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="12.1.2.htm">12.1.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Instance variables</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="12.1.3.htm">12.1.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Array elements</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="12.1.4.htm">12.1.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Value parameters</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="12.1.5.htm">12.1.5</a> <span class="toc-name">Reference parameters</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="12.1.6.htm">12.1.6</a> <span class="toc-name">Output parameters</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="12.1.7.htm">12.1.7</a> <span class="toc-name">Local variables</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="12.2.htm">12.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Default values</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="12.3.htm">12.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Definite assignment</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="12.3.1.htm">12.3.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Initially assigned variables</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="12.3.2.htm">12.3.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Initially unassigned variables</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="12.3.3.htm">12.3.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Precise rules for determining definite assignment</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="12.4.htm">12.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Variable references</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="12.5.htm">12.5</a> <span class="toc-name">Atomicity of variable references</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><a href="13.htm">13</a> <span class="toc-name">Conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="13.1.htm">13.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Implicit conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="13.1.1.htm">13.1.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Identity conversion</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="13.1.2.htm">13.1.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Implicit numeric conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="13.1.3.htm">13.1.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Implicit enumeration conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="13.1.4.htm">13.1.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Implicit reference conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="13.1.5.htm">13.1.5</a> <span class="toc-name">Boxing conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="13.1.6.htm">13.1.6</a> <span class="toc-name">Implicit constant expression conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="13.1.7.htm">13.1.7</a> <span class="toc-name">User-defined implicit conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="13.2.htm">13.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Explicit conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="13.2.1.htm">13.2.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Explicit numeric conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="13.2.2.htm">13.2.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Explicit enumeration conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="13.2.3.htm">13.2.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Explicit reference conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="13.2.4.htm">13.2.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Unboxing conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="13.2.5.htm">13.2.5</a> <span class="toc-name">User-defined explicit conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="13.3.htm">13.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Standard conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="13.3.1.htm">13.3.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Standard implicit conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="13.3.2.htm">13.3.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Standard explicit conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="13.4.htm">13.4</a> <span class="toc-name">User-defined conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="13.4.1.htm">13.4.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Permitted user-defined conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="13.4.2.htm">13.4.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Evaluation of user-defined conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="13.4.3.htm">13.4.3</a> <span class="toc-name">User-defined implicit conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="13.4.4.htm">13.4.4</a> <span class="toc-name">User-defined explicit conversions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><a href="14.htm">14</a> <span class="toc-name">Expressions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="14.1.htm">14.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Expression classifications</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.1.1.htm">14.1.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Values of expressions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="14.2.htm">14.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Operators</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.2.1.htm">14.2.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Operator precedence and associativity</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.2.2.htm">14.2.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Operator overloading</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.2.3.htm">14.2.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Unary operator overload resolution</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.2.4.htm">14.2.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Binary operator overload resolution</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.2.5.htm">14.2.5</a> <span class="toc-name">Candidate user-defined operators</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.2.6.htm">14.2.6</a> <span class="toc-name">Numeric promotions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="14.3.htm">14.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Member lookup</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.3.1.htm">14.3.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Base types</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="14.4.htm">14.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Function members</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.4.1.htm">14.4.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Argument lists</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.4.2.htm">14.4.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Overload resolution</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.4.3.htm">14.4.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Function member invocation</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="14.5.htm">14.5</a> <span class="toc-name">Primary expressions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.5.1.htm">14.5.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Literals</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.5.2.htm">14.5.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Simple names</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.5.3.htm">14.5.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Parenthesized expressions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.5.4.htm">14.5.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Member access</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.5.5.htm">14.5.5</a> <span class="toc-name">Invocation expressions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.5.6.htm">14.5.6</a> <span class="toc-name">Element access</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.5.7.htm">14.5.7</a> <span class="toc-name">This access</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.5.8.htm">14.5.8</a> <span class="toc-name">Base access</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.5.9.htm">14.5.9</a> <span class="toc-name">Postfix increment and decrement operators</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.5.10.htm">14.5.10</a> <span class="toc-name">The new operator</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.5.11.htm">14.5.11</a> <span class="toc-name">The typeof operator</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.5.12.htm">14.5.12</a> <span class="toc-name">The checked and unchecked operators</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="14.6.htm">14.6</a> <span class="toc-name">Unary expressions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.6.1.htm">14.6.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Unary plus operator</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.6.2.htm">14.6.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Unary minus operator</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.6.3.htm">14.6.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Logical negation operator</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.6.4.htm">14.6.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Bitwise complement operator</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.6.5.htm">14.6.5</a> <span class="toc-name">Prefix increment and decrement operators</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.6.6.htm">14.6.6</a> <span class="toc-name">Cast expressions</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="14.7.htm">14.7</a> <span class="toc-name">Arithmetic operators</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.7.1.htm">14.7.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Multiplication operator</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.7.2.htm">14.7.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Division operator</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.7.3.htm">14.7.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Remainder operator</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.7.4.htm">14.7.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Addition operator</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.7.5.htm">14.7.5</a> <span class="toc-name">Subtraction operator</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="14.8.htm">14.8</a> <span class="toc-name">Shift operators</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">......</span><a href="14.9.htm">14.9</a> <span class="toc-name">Relational and type-testing operators</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.9.1.htm">14.9.1</a> <span class="toc-name">Integer comparison operators</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.9.2.htm">14.9.2</a> <span class="toc-name">Floating-point comparison operators</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.9.3.htm">14.9.3</a> <span class="toc-name">Decimal comparison operators</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.9.4.htm">14.9.4</a> <span class="toc-name">Boolean equality operators</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.9.5.htm">14.9.5</a> <span class="toc-name">Enumeration comparison operators</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.9.6.htm">14.9.6</a> <span class="toc-name">Reference type equality operators</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.9.7.htm">14.9.7</a> <span class="toc-name">String equality operators</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.9.8.htm">14.9.8</a> <span class="toc-name">Delegate equality operators</span></span>
<span class="toc-line"><span class="toc-space">............</span><a href="14.9.9.htm">14.9.9</a> <span class="toc-name">The is operator</span></span>