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<h3><a href="http://caterpillar.onlyfun.net/GossipCN/index.html">From
Gossip@caterpillar</a></h3>
<h1><a href="CppGossip.html">Design Pattern: Strategy 模式</a></h1>
考虑您要设计一个更换各种符号的工具类TextCharChange,您是否会采用这样的方式:<br>
<div style="margin-left: 40px;"><span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">public void replace() { </span><br style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;"> switch(getChangeType()) { </span><br style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;"> case RN_TYPE: replaceRN(); </span><br style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">
break; </span><br style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;"> case N_TYPE: replaceN(); </span><br style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">
break; </span><br style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;"> case OTHER_TYPE: replaceOTHER(): </span><br style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">
break; </span><br style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;"> ... </span><br style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;"> } </span><br style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">
<span style="font-weight: bold; font-family: Courier New,Courier,monospace;">}</span><br>
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这么作的缺点是,日后您要增加更换符号的策略时,会有几个地方需要修改:增加TYPE常数、增加TextCharChange中的 replaceXXX()方法、增加 replace()方法中的switch case判断。<br>
<br>
像这种策略采用的情况,可以将策略加以封装为一个物件,而不是将策略写死在某个类中,如此一来,策略可以独立于客户端,随时增加变化、增加或减少策略,即使是修改每个策略的内容,也不会对客户端程式造成影响。<br>
<br>
来举个最简单的例子,首先要知道Windows与Linux的文字档案换行符号是不同的,Windows是 /r/n ,而Linux是 /n,今天您要设计一个文字编辑器,在适当的时候,您必须要能随时转换这两种符号,如果不采用上面的策略采用流程的话,要如何设计:<br>
<ul>
<li> TextStrategy.java
</li>
</ul>
<pre>public abstract class TextStrategy { <br> protected String text;<br><br> public TextStrategy(String text) { <br> this.text = text; <br> }<br><br> public abstract String replace(); <br>} <br></pre>
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<ul>
<li> LinuxStrategy.java
</li>
</ul>
<pre>public class LinuxStrategy extends TextStrategy { <br> public LinuxStrategy(String text) { <br> super(text); <br> }<br><br> public String replace() { <br> preOperation(); <br> System.out.println(<br> text = text.replaceAll("@r@n", "@n")); <br> postOperation(); <br><br> return text; <br> }<br><br> private void preOperation() { <br> System.out.println("LinuxStrategy preOperation"); <br> }<br><br> private void postOperation() { <br> System.out.println("LinuxStrategy postOperation"); <br> } <br>} <br></pre>
<br>
<ul>
<li> WindowsStrategy.java
</li>
</ul>
<pre>public class WindowsStrategy extends TextStrategy { <br> public WindowsStrategy(String text) { <br> super(text); <br> }<br><br> public String replace() { <br> startOperation(); <br> System.out.println(<br> text = text.replaceAll("@n", "@r@n")); <br> endOperation(); <br><br> return text; <br> }<br><br> private void startOperation() { <br> System.out.println("WindowsStrategy startOperation"); <br> } <br><br> private void endOperation() { <br> System.out.println("WindowsStrategy endOperation"); <br> } <br>} <br></pre>
<br>
<ul>
<li> TextCharChange.java
</li>
</ul>
<pre>public class TextCharChange { <br> public static void replace(TextStrategy strategy) { <br> strategy.replace(); <br> } <br>} <br></pre>
<br>
<ul>
<li> Main.java
</li>
</ul>
<pre>public class Main { <br> public static void main(String[] args) { <br> String linuxText = <br> "This is a test text!!@n Oh! Line Return!!@n"; <br> String windowsText = <br> "This is a test text!!@r@n Oh! Line Return@r@n"; <br><br> // load file, suppose it's Linux's text file <br> // take the WindowsStrategy <br> // I want to change it to Windows' text file <br> TextCharChange.replace(<br> new WindowsStrategy(linuxText)); <br><br> // such-and-such operation..... <br> System.out.println(); <br><br> // load file, suppose it's Windows' text file <br> // take the LinuxStrategy <br> // I want to change it to Linux's text file <br> TextCharChange.replace(<br> new LinuxStrategy(windowsText)); <br> } <br>} <br></pre>
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为了明显的秀出结果,我们使用@n来表示 '/n' , @r 表示 '/r' 符号,Main中的流程是个假设的情况,何时采用何种策略是随机的。<br>
<br>
在Strategy模式中,使用一个公开的介面replace(),让客户端请求,而在实作replace()时,可以任意的组合演算策略,程式中的
preOperation()、postOperation()就是用以示意演算的组合概念,Strategy模式封装了这些演算过程,使它们易于组合、
修改、替换,上面这个例子的UML 类别结构图如下所示: <br>
<div style="text-align: center;"><img style="width: 455px; height: 151px;" alt="Strategy" title="Strategy" src="images/strategy-1.jpg"><br>
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Strategy模式的UML类别结构图如下:<br>
<div style="text-align: center;"><img style="width: 575px; height: 168px;" alt="Strategy" title="Strategy" src="images/strategy-2.jpg"></div>
从行为上来说,<a href="StatePattern.htm">State 模式</a> 与Strategy模式是蛮相近的。<br>
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State模式:看当前是什么状态,就采取什么动作。<br>
<br>
Strategy模式:看需求(情境)是什么,采用适当的策略。<br>
<br>
不过两者虽相似,应用的场合稍有不同,State模式中有一个重点在于设定状态变化,就像 Gof 例子中举的TCP连线;Strategy策略模式则是直接采用适当的策略的感觉,例如Gof中说的,采用适当的演算法来作正文换行。<br>
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