things.tex

用于公式编辑

% define the title
\author{H.~Partl}
\title{Minimalism}
\begin{document}
% generates the title
\maketitle
% insert the table of contents
\tableofcontents
\section{Start}
Well, and here begins my lovely article.
\section{End}
\ldots{} and here it ends.
\end{document}
\end{verbatim}
\end{lined}
%\caption{Example of a Realistic Journal Article.} \label{document}
\caption{论文类~\LaTeX{}~源文件的例子} \label{document}
\end{figure}

%\section{A Typical Commandline Session}
\section{一个典型的命令行过程}

%I bet you must be dying to try out the neat small \LaTeX{} input file
%shown on page \pageref{mini}. Here is some help:
%\LaTeX{} itself comes without a GUI or
%fancy buttons to press. It is just a program which crunches away
%on your input file. Some \LaTeX{} installations feature a graphical
%front end where you can click \LaTeX{} into compiling your input file.
%But Real Men don't Click, so here is how to coax \LaTeX{} into
%compiling your input file on a text based system. Please note, this
%description assumes that a working \LaTeX{} installation already sitts
%on your computer.
我敢打赌你一定非常渴望尝试第~\pageref{mini}~页中短小简洁的~\LaTeX{}~
源文件。在此，下面的几点可能对你有所帮助。需要注意的是，\LaTeX{}~仅仅是
一个处理你所提供的源文件的程序，并不具有图形用户界面或精致的按钮。
可能有些~\LaTeX{}~安装提供了图形用户界面的前端，使得你可以点击按钮来
让~\LaTeX{}~编译你的源文件，但这并不是~\LaTeX{}~真正的工作方式。
因此，这里将说明如何在一个基于文本的系统下使得~\LaTeX{}~处理你的源文件。
当然，前提是你的计算机里已经正确安装了~\LaTeX。

\begin{enumerate}
%\item
%  Edit/Create your \LaTeX{} input file. This file must be plain ASCII
%  text.  On Unix all the editors will create just that. On windows you
%  might want to make sure that you save the file in ASCII or
%  \emph{Plain Text} format.  When picking a name for your file, make
%  sure it bears the extention \texttt{.tex}.
\item 创建并编辑你的~\LaTeX{}~源文件。该文件必须是文本（ASCII）格式。
      在~Unix~系统下，所有的编辑器都会使用文本格式创建文件。而在~Windows~
      系统下，你可能需要明确地以~ASCII~或纯文本格式保存你的文件。当选取
      你的源文件的文件名时，要确保其扩展名为~\texttt{.tex}。
%\item
%Run \LaTeX{} on your input file. If successful you will end up
%with a \texttt{.dvi} file.
\item 运行~\LaTeX{}~处理你的源文件。如果成功，你将会得到一个扩展名为~\texttt{.dvi}~
      的文件。
\begin{verbatim}
latex foo.tex
\end{verbatim}

%\item
%Now you may view the DVI file.
\item 现在你可以预览所得到的~DVI~文件。
\begin{verbatim}
xdvi foo.dvi
\end{verbatim}
%or
%convert it to PS
或将其转换为~PS~文件：
\begin{verbatim}
dvips -Pcmz foo.dvi -o foo.ps
\end{verbatim}
%\texttt{\wi{xdvi}} and \texttt{\wi{dvips}} are open-source
%tools for handling \texttt{.dvi} files. The first displays them on
%screen within the X11 environment and the other
%creates a PostScript file for printing. If you are not working on
%a Unix system, other means for handling the \texttt{.dvi} files may be
%provided.
\texttt{\wi{xdvi}}~和~\texttt{\wi{dvips}}~用来处理~\texttt{.dvi}~文件的
开放源代码工具软件。前者可在~X11~环境下将~DVI~文件显示到屏幕上，后者则
将~DVI~文件转换为~PostScript~文件以用来打印。如果你不使用~Unix~操作系统，
将会提供其他工具软件来处理~\texttt{.dvi}~文件。
\end{enumerate}


%\section{The Layout of the Document}
\section{文档布局}

%\subsection {Document Classes}\label{sec:documentclass}
\subsection{文档类}\label{sec:documentclass}

%The first information \LaTeX{} needs to know when processing an
%input file is the type of document the author wants to create. This
%is specified with the \ci{documentclass} command.
当~\LaTeX{}~处理源文件时，首先需要知道的是作者所要创建的文档类型。
该信息可以通过命令~\ci{documentclass}~来提供给~\LaTeX。
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{documentclass}\verb|[|\emph{options}\verb|]{|\emph{class}\verb|}|
\end{lscommand}
%\noindent Here \emph{class} specifies the type of document to be created.
%Table~\ref{documentclasses} lists the document classes explained in
%this introduction. The \LaTeXe{} distribution provides additional
%classes for other documents, including letters and slides.  The
%\emph{\wi{option}s} parameter customises the behaviour of the document
%class. The options have to be separated by commas. The most common options for the standard document
%classes are listed in
%Table~\ref{options}.
\noindent 这里~\emph{class}~指明了所要创建的文档类型。表\nbs\ref{documentclass}~中
仅列出了本文所说明的文档类。\LaTeXe{}~发行版本中还包括了像信件、幻灯片等其它文档类。
文档类的属性可以通过选项（\emph{\wi{option}s}）来加以调节，不同的选项用逗号隔开。
表\nbs\ref{options}~列出了标准文档类最常用的一些选项。

\begin{table}[!bp]
%\caption{Document Classes.} \label{documentclasses}
\caption{文档类} \label{documentclasses}
\begin{lined}{12cm}
\begin{description}

%\item [\normalfont\texttt{article}] for articles in scientific journals, presentations,
%  short reports, program documentation, invitations, \ldots
%  \index{article class}
%\item [\normalfont\texttt{report}] for longer reports containing several chapters, small
%  books, PhD theses, \ldots \index{report class}
%\item [\normalfont\texttt{book}] for real books \index{book class}
%\item [\normalfont\texttt{slides}] for slides. The class uses big sans serif
%  letters. You might want to consider using Foil\TeX{}\footnote{%
%        \texttt{CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/foiltex}} instead.
%        \index{slides class}\index{foiltex}
\item [\normalfont\texttt{article}] 排版科技期刊、短报告、程序文档、邀请函等。\index{article class}
\item [\normalfont\texttt{report}] 排版多章节的长报告、短篇的书籍、博士论文等。\index{report class}
\item [\normalfont\texttt{book}] 排版书籍。 \index{book class}
\item [\normalfont\texttt{slides}] 排版幻灯片。其中使用了较大的~sans serif~字体。也可以考虑
      使用~Foil\TeX{}来得到相同的效果。\footnote{%
        \texttt{CTAN:/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/supported/foiltex}}
        \index{slides class}\index{foiltex}
\end{description}
\end{lined}
\end{table}

\begin{table}[!bp]
%\caption{Document Class Options.} \label{options}
\caption{文档类选项} \label{options}
\begin{lined}{12cm}
\begin{flushleft}
\begin{description}
%\item[\normalfont\texttt{10pt}, \texttt{11pt}, \texttt{12pt}] \quad Sets the size
%  of the main font in the document. If no option is specified,
%  \texttt{10pt} is assumed.  \index{document font size}\index{base
%    font size}
\item[\normalfont\texttt{10pt}, \texttt{11pt}, \texttt{12pt}] \quad 设置
   文档所使用的字体的大小。如果没有声明任何选项，缺省将使用~\texttt{10pt}~字体。
   \index{document font size}\index{base font size}
%\item[\normalfont\texttt{a4paper}, \texttt{letterpaper}, \ldots] \quad Defines
%  the paper size. The default size is \texttt{letterpaper}. Besides
%  that, \texttt{a5paper}, \texttt{b5paper}, \texttt{executivepaper},
%  and \texttt{legalpaper} can be specified.  \index{legal paper}
%  \index{paper size}\index{A4 paper}\index{letter paper} \index{A5
%    paper}\index{B5 paper}\index{executive paper}
%
\item[\normalfont\texttt{a4paper}, \texttt{letterpaper}, \ldots] \quad 定义纸张的
    大小，缺省的设置为~\texttt{letterpaper}。此外，还可以使用~\texttt{a5paper}，
    \texttt{b5paper}，\texttt{executivepaper}~和~\texttt{legalpaper}。\index{legal paper}
  \index{paper size}\index{A4 paper}\index{letter paper} \index{A5 paper}
  \index{B5 paper}\index{executive paper}
%\item[\normalfont\texttt{fleqn}] \quad Typesets displayed formulae left-aligned
%  instead of centred.
%
\item[\normalfont\texttt{fleqn}] \quad 设置该选项将使数学公式左对齐，而不是中间对齐。
%\item[\normalfont\texttt{leqno}] \quad Places the numbering of formulae on the
%  left hand side instead of the right.
%
\item[\normalfont\texttt{leqno}] \quad 设置该选项将使数学公式的编号防置于左侧。
%\item[\normalfont\texttt{titlepage}, \texttt{notitlepage}] \quad Specifies
%  whether a new page should be started after the \wi{document title}
%  or not. The \texttt{article} class does not start a new page by
%  default, while \texttt{report} and \texttt{book} do.  \index{title}
%
\item[\normalfont\texttt{titlepage}, \texttt{notitlepage}] \quad 指定是否在
文档标题（\wi{document title}）后开始一新页。\texttt{article}~文档类缺省
不开始新页，而~\texttt{book}~文档类则相反。\index{title}
%\item[\normalfont\texttt{onecolumn}, \texttt{twocolumn}] \quad Instructs \LaTeX{} to typeset the
%  document in \wi{one column}\wi{two column}s.
%
\item[\normalfont\texttt{onecolumn}, \texttt{twocolumn}] \quad 指定~\LaTeX{}~
以单列（\wi{one column}）或双列（\wi{two column}）方式排版文档。
%\item[\normalfont\texttt{twoside, oneside}] \quad Specifies whether double or
%  single sided output should be generated. The classes
%  \texttt{article} and \texttt{report} are \wi{single sided} and the
%  \texttt{book} class is \wi{double sided} by default. Note that this
%  option concerns the style of the document only. The option
%  \texttt{twoside} does \emph{not} tell the printer you use that it
%  should actually make a two-sided printout.
%
\item[\normalfont\texttt{twoside, oneside}] \quad 指定~\LaTeX{}~排版的文档
为双面或单面格式。\texttt{article}~和~\texttt{report}~缺省使用单面格式，
而~\texttt{book}~则缺省使用双面格式。需要注意的是该选项仅作用于文档的式样。
\texttt{twoside}~选项\emph{不}会通知你的打印机让以得到双面的打印输出。
%\item[\normalfont\texttt{openright, openany}] \quad Makes chapters begin either
%  only on right hand pages or on the next page available. This does
%  not work with the \texttt{article} class, as it does not know about
%  chapters. The \texttt{report} class by default starts chapters on
%  the next page available and the \texttt{book} class starts them on
%  right hand pages.
\item[\normalfont\texttt{openright, openany}] \quad 此选项决定新的章
是仅仅在右边页（奇数页）还是在下一可用页开始。该选项对~\texttt{article}~
文档类不起作用，因为该类中并没有定义“章”（Chapter）。\texttt{report}~
类中新的一章开始于下一可用页，而~\texttt{book}~类中新的一章总是开始于
右边页。
\end{description}
\end{flushleft}
\end{lined}
\end{table}

%Example: An input file for a \LaTeX{} document could start with the
%line
实例：一个~\LaTeX{}~源文件以下面一行开始
\begin{code}
\ci{documentclass}\verb|[11pt,twoside,a4paper]{article}|
\end{code}
%which instructs \LaTeX{} to typeset the document as an \emph{article}
%with a base font size of \emph{eleven points}, and to produce a
%layout suitable for \emph{double sided} printing on \emph{A4 paper}.
这条命令指定~\LaTeX{}~使用\emph{论文}版式，\emph{11~磅}大小的字体来排班此
文档，并且得到适合打印在~\emph{A4~纸}上的输出结果。
\pagebreak[2]
%\subsection{Packages}
\subsection{宏包}
\index{package}
%While writing your document, you will probably find
%that there are some areas where basic \LaTeX{} cannot solve your
%problem. If you want to include \wi{graphics}, \wi{coloured text} or
%source code from a file into your document, you need to enhance the
%capabilities of \LaTeX.  Such enhancements are called packages.
%Packages are activated with the
当你排版文档的时候，你将会发现有很多时候基本的~\LaTeX{}~不能够解决你的
问题。如果你想插入图形、彩色文本或源代码文件，你需要使用宏包来增强~\LaTeX{}~的功能。
调入宏包使用如下的命令：
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{usepackage}\verb|[|\emph{options}\verb|]{|\emph{package}\verb|}|
\end{lscommand}
\noindent
%command where \emph{package} is the name of the package and
%\emph{options} is a list of keywords which trigger special features in
%the package. Some packages come with the \LaTeXe{} base distribution
%(See Table~\ref{packages}). Others are provided separately. You may
%find more information on the packages installed at your site in your
%\guide. The prime source for information about \LaTeX{} packages is \companion.
%It contains descriptions of hundreds of packages along with
%information of how to write your own extensions to \LaTeXe.
这里~\emph{package}~是宏包的名称，\emph{options}~是用来触发宏包中的特殊功能
的一组关键词。大部分宏包包含在~\LaTeX{}~基本发行版本中（参见表\nbs\ref{packages}），
另外一些宏包则单独发布。你可以在你所安装的~\LaTeX{}~系统中找到更多的
有关宏包的信息。\companion ~中提供了关于~\LaTeX{}~宏包的主要信息并
包括了上百个宏包的详细描述以及如何写作你自己的~\LaTeXe{}~扩展。

\begin{table}[!hbp]
%\caption{Some of the Packages Distributed with \LaTeX.} \label{packages}
\caption{伴随~\LaTeX{}~发布的一些宏包} \label{packages}
\begin{lined}{11cm}
\begin{description}
%\item[\normalfont\pai{doc}] Allows the documentation of \LaTeX{} programs.\\
% Described in \texttt{doc.dtx}\footnote{This file should be installed
%   on your system, and you should be able to get a \texttt{dvi} file
%   by typing \texttt{latex doc.dtx} in any directory where you have
%   write permission. The same is true for all the
%   other files mentioned in this table.}  and in \companion.
\item[normalfont\pai{doc}] 排版~\LaTeX{}~程序文档。\\
    详见~\texttt{doc.dtx}\footnote{此文件应该已安装在你的系统中，你可以
    在你有写权限的目录下使用命令~\texttt{latex doc.dtx}~得