things.tex

用于公式编辑

      ``\LaTeX{} does not work well for people who have sold their
      souls \ldots''，不知译的是否正确。}。
\item 尽管在预先定义好的版面中可以调节一些参数，设计全新的版面还是很困难的，
      需要耗费大量的时间\footnote{传闻这将是未来的~\LaTeX 3~系统的一个重要
      组成部分。}。
\item \LaTeX{}~不适合于排版非结构化的、无序的文档。
\item 即使有一个令人振奋的开始，但你也有可能无法完全掌握其精髓。
\end{itemize}

%\section{\LaTeX{} Input Files}
\section{\LaTeX{}~源文件}

%The input for \LaTeX{} is a plain \texttt{ASCII} text file. You can create it
%with any text editor. It contains the text of the document as well as
%the commands which tell \LaTeX{} how to typeset the text.
\LaTeX{}~源文件的格式为普通的~ASCII~文件，你可以使用任何文本编辑器来创建。
\LaTeX{}~源文件不仅包括你所要排版的文本，还包括~\LaTeX{}~所能识别的，如何
排版这些文本的命令。

%\subsection{Spaces}
\subsection{空白距离}

%``Whitespace'' characters such as blank or tab are
%treated uniformly as ``\wi{space}'' by \LaTeX{}. \emph{Several
%  consecutive} \wi{whitespace} characters are treated as \emph{one}
%``space''.  Whitespace at the start of a line is generally ignored, and
%a single linebreak is treated as ``whitespace''.
%\index{whitespace!at the start of a line}
\LaTeX{}~将空格和制表符等空白字符视为相同的空白距离（\wi{space}）。
\emph{多个连续的空白字符}等同为一个空白字符。在~\LaTeX{}~文件中，
每行开始的空白字符将被忽略，而单个的回车符被视为一空格。
\index{whitespace!at the start of a line}

%An empty line between two lines of text defines the end of a
%paragraph. \emph{Several} empty lines are treated the same as
%\emph{one} empty line. The text below is an example. On the left hand
%side is the text from the input file, and on the right hand side is the
%formatted output.
\LaTeX{}~使用空行来结束段落，两行文本中的空行标志上一段落的结束和新
段落的开始。如同空格一样，多个空行所起的作用和一个空行的作用是相同的。
下面例子中，左边是源文件中的文本，右边则是排版后的输出结果。

\begin{example}
It does not matter whether you
enter one or several     spaces
after a word.

An empty line starts a new
paragraph.
\end{example}

%\subsection{Special Characters}
\subsection{特殊字符}

%The following symbols are \wi{reserved characters} that either have a
%special meaning under \LaTeX{} or are not available in all the fonts.
%If you enter them directly in your text, they will normally not print,
%but rather coerce \LaTeX{} to do things you did not intend.
下面的这些字符是~\LaTeX{}~的保留字符，它们或在~\LaTeX{}~中有特定的用处，
或不一定包含在所有的字库中。如果你直接在文本中使用它们，通常在排版结果
中将不会得到这些字符，而且还会导致~\LaTeX{}~做一些你不希望发生的事情。
\begin{code}
\verb.#  $  %  ^  &  _  {  }  ~  \ . %$
\end{code}

%As you will see, these characters can be used in your documents all
%the same by adding a prefix backslash:
当然，这些字符前面加上反斜线，就可以在文本中得到它们。

\begin{example}
\# \$ \% \^{} \& \_ \{ \} \~{}
\end{example}

%The other symbols and many more can be printed with special commands
%in mathematical formulae or as accents. The backslash character
%$\backslash$ can \emph{not} be entered by adding another backslash
%in front of it (\verb|\\|), this sequence is used for
%linebreaking.\footnote{Try the \texttt{\$}\ci{backslash}\texttt{\$} command instead. It
%  produces a `$\backslash$'.}
另外一些符号可以由特殊的命令或作为重音命令得到。反斜线~$\backslash$~
不能够通过在其前添加另外的反斜线来得到，相反的，\verb|\\|~是一个
用来断行的命令。\footnote{试试命令~\texttt{\$}\ci{backslash}\texttt{\$}，
它将生成~$\backslash$。}

%\subsection{\LaTeX{} Commands}
\subsection{\LaTeX{}~命令}

%\LaTeX{} \wi{commands} are case sensitive and take one of the following
%two formats:
\LaTeX{}~命令（\wi{commands}）是大小写敏感的并有下面两种格式：

\begin{itemize}
%\item They start with a \wi{backslash} \verb|\| and then have a name
% consisting of letters only. Command names are terminated by a
% space, a number or any other `non-letter'.
%\item They consist of a backslash and exactly one % numerical or
% special character.
\item 以一反斜线~\verb|\|\index{backslash}~开始，加上只包含字母字符命令名
      组成。命令名后的空格符、数字或其它非字母字符标志该命令的结束。
\item 由一反斜线和一特殊字符组成。
\end{itemize}

%
% \\* doesn't comply !
%

%
% Can \3 be a valid command ? (jacoboni)
%
\label{whitespace}

%\LaTeX{} ignores whitespace after commands. If you want to get a
%\index{whitespace!after commands}space after a command, you have to
%put either \verb|{}| and a blank or a special spacing command after the
%command name. The \verb|{}| stops \LaTeX{} from eating up all the space after
%the command name.
\LaTeX{}~忽略命令后面的空格。如果你希望在命令后面得到一空格，
\index{whitespace!after commands}可以在命令后面加上~\verb|{}|~和一个空格，
或者加上一个特殊的空白距离命令。\verb|{}|~将阻止~\LaTeX{}~吞噬掉命令后面的
空格。

\begin{example}
I read that Knuth divides the
people working with \TeX{} into
\TeX{}nicians and \TeX perts.\\
Today is \today.
\end{example}

%Some commands need a \wi{parameter} which has to be given between
%\wi{curly braces} \verb|{ }| after the command name. Some commands support
%\wi{optional parameters} which are added after the command name in
%\wi{square brackets}~\verb|[ ]|. The next examples use some \LaTeX{}
%commands. Don't worry about them, they will be explained later.
许多命令需要一个参数（\wi{parameter}）并用一对大括号（\wi{curly braces}）
\verb|{ }|~将其括起来置于命令名称的后面。也有一些命令支持用方括号（\wi{square brace}）
括起来的可选参数。下面的例子中使用了一些~\LaTeX{}~命令，并将在以后
对他们进行解释。

\begin{example}
You can \textsl{lean} on me!
\end{example}
\begin{example}
Please, start a new line
right here!\newline
Thank you!
\end{example}

%\subsection{Comments}
\subsection{注释}
\index{comments}

%When \LaTeX{} encounters a \verb|%| character while processing an input file,
%it ignores the rest of the present line, the linebreak, and all
%whitespace at the beginning of the next line.

%This can be used to write notes into the input file, which will not show up
%in the printed version.
当~\LaTeX{}~在处理源文件时，如果遇到一个百分号字符~\verb|%|，那么~\LaTeX{}~将忽略
~\verb|%|~后的该行文本，分行符以及下一行开始的空白字符。这样，我们就可以在源文件
中写一些注释，而不会担心他们会出现在最后的排版结果中。

\begin{example}
This is an % stupid
% Better: instructive <----
example: Supercal%
              ifragilist%
    icexpialidocious
\end{example}

%The \texttt{\%} character can also be used to split long input lines where no
%whitespace or linebreaks are allowed.
\texttt{\%}~也可以用来分割不允许有空格或分行的较长输入文本。

%For longer comments you should use the \ei{comment} environment
%provided by the \pai{verbatim} package. This means, to use the
%\ei{comment} environment you have to add the commend
%\verb|\usepackage{verbatim}| to the preamble of your document.
如果需要较长的注释，你可以使用~\pai{verbatim}~宏集所提供的~\ei{comment}~环境。
当然，你需要在源文件的导言区里加上命令~\verb|\usepackage{verbatim}|。

\begin{example}
%This is another
%\begin{comment}
%rather stupid,
%but helpful
%\end{comment}
%example for embedding
%comments in your document.
这是另一个
\begin{comment}
非常笨拙的，
然而却很有效。
\end{comment}
在你的文档中
使用注视的例子。
\end{example}

%Note that this won't work inside complex environments like math for example.
\noindent注意这个方法不能使用在像数学环境等一些复杂的环境中。

%\section{Input File Structure}
\section{源文件的结构}

%When \LaTeXe{} processes an input file, it expects it to follow a
%certain \wi{structure}. Thus every input file must start with the
%command
\LaTeX{}~需要所处理的源文件遵从一定的结构，每个~\LaTeX{}~文档必须
以如下的命令开始：
\begin{code}
\verb|\documentclass{...}|
\end{code}
%This specifies what sort of document you intend to write. After that,
%you can include commands which influence the style of the whole
%document, or you can load \wi{package}s which add new
%features to the \LaTeX{} system. To load such a package you use the
%command
这个命令指定了你所写的文档的类别。在此之后，你可以加入控制文档式样
的命令，或者使用如下的命令来调入一些宏集，进而为~\LaTeX{}~系统
增添一些新的功能。
\begin{code}
\verb|\usepackage{...}|
\end{code}

%When all the setup work is done,\footnote{The area between \texttt{\bs
%    documentclass} and \texttt{\bs
%    begin$\mathtt{\{}$document$\mathtt{\}}$} is called
%  \emph{\wi{preamble}}.} you start the body of the text with the
%command
当完成所有的设置\footnote{\texttt{\bs documentclass}~和~\texttt{\bs
  begin$\mathtt{\{}$document$\mathtt{\}}$}~之间的区域称作导言区。}后，
你可利用如下的命令来开始你的文档：
\begin{code}
\verb|\begin{document}|
\end{code}

%Now you enter the text mixed with some useful \LaTeX{} commands.  At
%the end of the document you add the
现在你可以输入你所希望排版的文本和所使用的一些~\LaTeX{}~命令。在文档
的最后键入下面的命令来告诉~\LaTeX{}~你的文档到此结束，从而使~\LaTeX{}~
忽略文档在此命令之后的部分。
\begin{code}
\verb|\end{document}|
\end{code}
%command, which tells \LaTeX{} to call it a day. Anything which
%follows this command will be ignored by \LaTeX.

%Figure~\ref{mini} shows the contents of a minimal \LaTeXe{} file. A
%slightly more complicated \wi{input file} is given in
%Figure~\ref{document}.
图\nbs\ref{mini}~展示了一个简单的~\LaTeX{}~源文件。如图\nbs\ref{document}~
所示的源文件则相对复杂一些。\index{input file}

\begin{figure}[!bp]
\begin{lined}{6cm}
\begin{verbatim}
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Small is beautiful.
\end{document}
\end{verbatim}
\end{lined}
%\caption{A Minimal \LaTeX{} File.} \label{mini}
\caption{一个简单的~\LaTeX{}~源文件} \label{mini}
\end{figure}

\begin{figure}[!bp]
\begin{lined}{10cm}
\begin{verbatim}
\documentclass[a4paper,11pt]{article}