things.tex

用于公式编辑

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% Contents: Things you need to know
% $Id: things.tex,v 1.4 2002/05/29 14:03:04 zuohuijun Exp $
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%\chapter{Things You Need to Know}
\chapter{基本知识}

%\begin{intro}
%In the first part of this chapter, you will get a short
%overview about the philosophy and history of \LaTeXe. The second part
%of the chapter focuses on the basic structures of a \LaTeX{} document.
%After reading this chapter, you should have a rough knowledge
%of how \LaTeX{} works. When reading on, this will help you to integrate
%all the new information into the big picture.
%\end{intro}
\begin{intro}
本章的第一部分简要介绍了~\LaTeXe{}~的主要思想和发展历史。第二部分集中
说明~\LaTeX{}~文档的基本结构。在阅读完本章之后，你应该已经对~\LaTeX{}~
的工作原理有了大致的了解，这将有助于你在进一步的阅读中不断将新获得的
信息融入一个整体的图象之中。
\end{intro}

%\section{The Name of the Game}
%\subsection{\TeX}
\section{游戏的名目}
\subsection{\TeX}

%\TeX{} is a computer program created by \index{Knuth, Donald E.}Donald
%E. Knuth \cite{texbook}. It is aimed at typesetting text and
%mathematical formulae. Knuth started writing the \TeX{} typesetting
%engine in 1977 to explore the potential of the digital printing
%equipment that was beginning to infiltrate the publishing industry at
%that time, especially in the hope that he could reverse the trend of
%deteriorating typographical quality that he saw affecting his own
%books and articles. \TeX{} as we use it today was released in 1982,
%with some slight enhancements added in 1989 to better support 8-bit
%characters and multiple languages. \TeX{} is renowned for being
%extremely stable, for running on many different kinds of computers,
%and for being virtually bug free. The version number of \TeX{} is
%converging to $\pi$ and is now at $3.14159$.
\TeX{}~是由\index{Knuth, Donald E.}~Donald E. Knuth\cite{texbook}~编写的
计算机程序，用于文章和数学公式的排版。1977~年~Knuth~开始编写~\TeX{}~排版
系统引擎的时候，是为了探索当时正开始进入出版工业的数字印刷设备的潜力。
他特别希望能因此扭转那种排版质量下降的趋势，使自己写的书和文章免受其害。
我们现在使用的~\TeX{}~系统是在~1982~年发布的，1989~年又略作改进，增进了
对~8~字节字符和多语言的支持。\TeX{}~以具有优异的稳定性，可以在各种不同
类型的计算机上运行，以及几乎没有错误而著称。\TeX{}~的版本号不断趋近于~$\pi$，
现在为$3.14159$。

%\TeX{} is pronounced ``Tech,'' with a ``ch'' as in the German word
%``Ach'' or in the Scottish ``Loch.'' In an ASCII environment, \TeX{}
%becomes \texttt{TeX}.
\TeX{}~的发音为~``Tech''，其中的~``ch''~音和德语~``Ach''~和苏格兰语~``Loch''~
中的~``ch''~类似。在~ASCII~文本环境中，\TeX{}~表示为~\texttt{TeX}。

%\subsection{\LaTeX}
\subsection{\LaTeX}

%\LaTeX{} is a macro package which enables authors to typeset and print
%their work at the highest typographical quality, using a predefined,
%professional layout. \LaTeX{} was originally written by
%\index{Lamport, Leslie}Leslie Lamport~\cite{manual}. It uses the
%\TeX{} formatter as its typesetting engine.
\LaTeX{}~是一个宏包，其目的是使作者能够利用一个预先定义好的专业页面设置，
从而得以高质量地排版和打印他们的作品。\LaTeX{}~最早是由~\index{Lamport, Leslie}%
Leslie Lamport\cite{manual}~编写的，并使用~\TeX{}~作为其排版系统引擎。

%In 1994 the \LaTeX{} package was updated by the \index{LaTeX3@\LaTeX
%  3}\LaTeX 3 team, led by \index{Mittelbach, Frank}Frank Mittelbach,
%to include some long-requested improvements, and to re\-unify all the
%patched versions which had cropped up since the release of
%\index{LaTeX 2.09@\LaTeX{} 2.09}\LaTeX{} 2.09 some years earlier. To
%distinguish the new version from the old, it is called \index{LaTeX
%  2e@\LaTeXe}\LaTeXe. This documentation deals with \LaTeXe.
1994~年，~\index{Mittelbach, Frank}Frank Mittelbach~领导的~\index{LaTeX3@\LaTeX 3}%
\LaTeX{} 3~小组对~\LaTeX{}~宏包进行了更新，作了一些被期望已久的改进，并且将
~\index{LaTeX 2.09@\LaTeX{} 2.09}\LaTeX{} 2.09~发布以来数年间出现的各种不同
的补丁重新统一了起来。这个新版本被称作~\index{LaTeX 2e@\LaTeXe}\LaTeXe{}~，
以示和旧版本相区别。本书内容就是针对~\LaTeXe{}~的。

%\LaTeX{} is pronounced ``Lay-tech'' or ``Lah-tech.'' If you refer to
%\LaTeX{} in an \texttt{ASCII} environment, you type \texttt{LaTeX}.
%\LaTeXe{} is pronounced ``Lay-tech two e'' and typed \texttt{LaTeX2e}.
\LaTeXe{}~的发音为~``Lay-tech''~或~``Lah-tech''。要在~ASCII~文本环境中
表示~\LaTeXe{}，可以用~\texttt{LaTeX}。\LaTeXe{}~的发音为~``Lay-tech two e''，
也可写成~\texttt{LaTeX2e}。

%Figure~\ref{components} above % on page \pageref{components}
%shows how \TeX{} and \LaTeXe{} work together. This figure is taken from
%\texttt{wots.tex} by Kees van der Laan.
图\nbs\ref{components}~显示了~\TeX{}~和~\LaTeXe{}~是如何共同工作的。
该图取自~Kees van der Laan~写的~\texttt{wots.tex}。

\begin{figure}[btp]
\begin{lined}{0.8\textwidth}
\begin{center}
\input{kees.fig}
\end{center}
\end{lined}
%\caption{Components of a \TeX{} System.} \label{components}
\caption{\TeX{}~系统的组成部分} \label{components}
\end{figure}

%\section{Basics}
\section{\LaTeX{}~基础}

%\subsection{Author, Book Designer, and Typesetter}
\subsection{作者、图书设计者和排版者}

%To publish something, authors give their typed manuscript to a
%publishing company. One of their book designers then
%decides the layout of the document (column width, fonts, space before
%and after headings,~\ldots). The book designer writes his instructions
%into the manuscript and then gives it to a typesetter, who typesets the
%book according to these instructions.
出版的第一步是作者将他们的手稿交给出版公司，然后由图书设计者来决定整本书
的版面形式（包括栏宽、字体、标题前后的间距……）。图书设计者会把他的排版
说明写进手稿里，一起交给排版者，排版者最后根据这些说明完成这本书的排版工作。

%A human book designer tries to find out what the author had in mind
%while writing the manuscript. He decides on chapter headings,
%citations, examples, formulae, etc.\ based on his professional
%knowledge and from the contents of the manuscript.
一个图书设计者要试图理解作者写作时的意图。他要根据手稿的内容和他自己的
职业知识决定章节标题、文献引用、例子、公式、等等。

%In a \LaTeX{} environment, \LaTeX{} takes the role of the book
%designer and uses \TeX{} as its typesetter. But \LaTeX{} is ``only'' a
%program and therefore needs more guidance. The author has to provide
%additional information which describes the logical structure of his
%work. This information is written into the text as ``\LaTeX{}
%commands.''
在~\LaTeX{}~环境中，\LaTeX{}~代替了图书设计者的角色，\TeX{}~则是它的排版者。
但是~\LaTeX{}~“仅仅”是一个计算机程序，它需要更多的指导。作者必须在他的作品
中提供附加信息，用于描述作品的逻辑结构。这些信息是以“\LaTeX{}~命令”的形式
写入文章中的。

%This is quite different from the \wi{WYSIWYG}\footnote{What you see is
%  what you get.} approach which most modern word processors such as
%\emph{MS Word} or \emph{Corel WordPerfect} take. With these
%applications, authors specify the document layout interactively while
%typing text into the computer. All along the way, they can see on the
%screen how the final work will look when it is printed.
这种方式和\wi{所见即所得}（WYSIWYG\footnote{What you see is what you get.}）
方式是相当不同的。很多现代文字处理程序都采用所见即所得方式，例如~MS Word~和
~Corel Wordperfect。作者可以利用这些应用程序，在向输入文章的同时，通过与
计算机互动的方式决定整个文档的排版形式。在整个过程中，作者随时可以在屏幕
上看到作品最终打印出来的效果。

%When using \LaTeX{} it is normally not possible to see the final output
%while typing the text. But the final output can be previewed on the
%screen after processing the file with \LaTeX. Then corrections can be
%made before actually sending the document to the printer.
在使用~\LaTeX{}~的时候，一般来说是不能在输入文章的同时看到最终的输出效果的。
但是将文章用~\LaTeX{}~处理过之后，是可以在屏幕上预览最终的输出效果的。因此
在真正打印文档之前是可以对其进行修正的。

%\subsection{Layout Design}
\subsection{版面设计}

%Typographical design is a craft. Unskilled authors often commit
%serious formatting errors by assuming that book design is mostly a
%question of aesthetics---``If a document looks good artistically,
%it is well designed.'' But as a document has to be read and not hung
%up in a picture gallery, the readability and understandability is of
%much greater importance than the beautiful look of it.
%Examples:
排版设计是一门艺术。缺乏经验的作者常常会犯严重的排版格式错误，只因为他们认为
图书设计仅仅是个美学问题——“如果排印好的文档从艺术角度看来不错，就说明设计是
成功的。”但是既然文档是用来阅读而不是用来挂在画廊里展览的，它的可读性和
可理解性就比好看的外观要重要的多。例如：
\begin{itemize}
%\item The font size and the numbering of headings have to be chosen to make
%  the structure of chapters and sections clear to the reader.
%\item The line length has to be short enough to not strain
%  the eyes of the reader, while long enough to fill the page
%  beautifully.
\item 必须为标题选择适当的字体大小和序号，使得读者能够清楚地理解章节结构。
\item 行宽既要足够短以避免读者的眼睛疲劳，又要足够长以维持页面美观。
\end{itemize}

%With \wi{WYSIWYG} systems, authors often generate aesthetically
%pleasing documents with very little or inconsistent structure.
%\LaTeX{} prevents such formatting errors by forcing the author to
%declare the \emph{logical} structure of his document. \LaTeX{} then
%chooses the most suitable layout.
使用所见即所得系统时，作者经常会写出看上去很漂亮，但却缺乏清晰结构或结构
不连贯的文档来。为了避免这样的排版格式错误，\LaTeX{}~要求作者明确说明其
文档的\emph{逻辑}结构。然后，\LaTeX{}~再根据文档结构选择最适当的版面格式。

%\subsection{Advantages and Disadvantages}
\subsection{优势和不足}

%When People from the \wi{WYSIWYG} world meet people who use \LaTeX{},
%they often discuss ``the \wi{advantages of \LaTeX{}} over a normal
%word processor'' or the opposite.  The best thing you can do when such
%a discussion starts is to keep a low profile, since such discussions
%often get out of hand. But sometimes you cannot escape \ldots
使用“所见即所得”（\wi{WYSIWYG}）的人和使用~\LaTeX{}~的人在一起
时经常谈论的一个话题就是“\LaTeX{}~到底比一般的字处理软件强还是弱”。
面对这种讨论，你最好是保持低调，因为这样的辩论很容易失去控制。不过，
很多时候你也不能逃避……

%\medskip\noindent So here is some ammunition. The main advantages
%of \LaTeX{} over normal word processors are the following:
\medskip\noindent 所以，这里给你提供一些武器。\LaTeX{}~优于一般的
字处理软件之处可以简单归纳为如下几点：

\begin{itemize}
%\item Professionally crafted layouts are available, which make a
%  document really look as if ``printed.''
%\item The typesetting of mathematical formulae is supported in a
%  convenient way.
%\item The user only needs to learn a few easy-to-understand commands
%  which specify the logical structure of a document. They almost never
%  need to tinker with the actual layout of the document.
%\item Even complex structures such as footnotes, references, table of
%  contents, and bibliographies can be generated easily.
%\item Free add-on packages exist for many typographical tasks not directly supported by basic
%  \LaTeX. For example, packages are
%  available to include \textsc{PostScript} graphics or to typeset
%  bibliographies conforming to exact standards. Many of these add-on
%  packages are described in \companion.
%\item \LaTeX{} encourages authors to write well-structured texts,
%  because this is how \LaTeX{} works---by specifying structure.
%\item \TeX, the formatting engine of \LaTeXe, is highly portable and free.
%  Therefore the system runs on almost any hardware platform
%  available.
\item 提供专业级的排版设计，使你的文档开起来如同印刷好的一样。
\item 可以更方便地排版数学公式。
\item 用户仅仅需要掌握少数容易理解的，用来说明文档之逻辑结构的命令，
      而无须对实际的页面设计做胡乱的修补。
\item 可以很容易的生成脚注、索引、目录和参考文献等复杂的结构。
\item 有大量免费地可添加宏集，协助你完成许多基本的~\LaTeX{}~未
      直接支持的排版任务。例如，支持在文档中插入~\textsc{PostScript}~图形
      的宏集和排版符合各类标准的参考文献的宏集，等等。\companion~中给出了
      大量的宏集说明。
\item \LaTeX{}~鼓励作者写作具有良好结构的文章，因为~\LaTeX{}就是通过
      详细地说明文章的结构来进行其排版工作的。
\item \TeX{}~作为~\LaTeX{}~的格式化引擎是免费软件，且具有极高的可移植性。
      因此，他几乎可以在任何硬件平台上运行。
%
% Add examples ...
%
\end{itemize}

\medskip

%\noindent\LaTeX{} also has some disadvantages, and I guess it's a bit
%difficult for me to find any sensible ones, though I am sure other people
%can tell you hundreds \texttt{;-)}
\noindent\LaTeX{}~当然也有一些不足之处。仅管我可以确定其他人能够列出上百条，
我却很难找出一条比较明智的。~\texttt{;-)}

%\begin{itemize}
%\item \LaTeX{} does not work well for people who have sold their
%  souls \ldots
%\item Although some parameters can be adjusted within a predefined
%  document layout, the design of a whole new layout is difficult and
%  takes a lot of time.\footnote{Rumour says that this is one of the
%    key elements which will be addressed in the upcoming \LaTeX 3
%    system.}\index{LaTeX3@\LaTeX 3}
%\item It is very hard to write unstructured and disorganized documents.
%\item Your hamster might, despite some encouraging first steps, never be
%able to fully grasp the concept of Logical Markup.
%\end{itemize}
\begin{itemize}
\item 对于出卖其灵魂的人来说，\LaTeX{}~不能很好的工作\footnote{原文为：