typeset_new.tex

用于公式编辑

除了失去断字功能，宏包~\pai{babel}~仍起作用，这对于排版效果有很大的负面影响。

\iffalse
For some languages, \textsf{babel} also specifies new
commands which simplify the input of special characters. The
\wi{German} language, for example, contains a lot of umlauts
(\"a\"o\"u). With \textsf{babel}, you can enter an \"o by typing
\verb|"o| instead of~\verb|\"o|.
\fi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
对于很多种语言，宏包~\pai{babel}~也提供专门的新命令来简化特殊字符的输入。
例如~\wi{German}，包含很多类似的字符（\"a\"o\"u）。利用~\textsf{babel}，
你能用~\verb|"o|~而不是~\verb|\"o|~来输入~\"o。

\iffalse
Some computer systems allow you to input special
characters directly from the keyboard. \LaTeX{} can handle such
characters. Since the December 1994 release of \LaTeXe{}, support
for several input encodings is included in the basic distribution
of \LaTeXe. Check the \pai{inputenc} package:
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{usepackage}\verb|[|\emph{encoding}\verb|]{inputenc}|
\end{lscommand}\fi %%%%%%%%%%%%
一些计算机系统允许通过键盘直接输入特殊的字符。\LaTeX{}~能够处理这些字符。
从~1994~年~12~月发布的~\LaTeXe{}~开始，\LaTeXe{}~的基本版本包括了对几种
输入编码的支持。请检查宏包
\pai{inputenc}：
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{usepackage}\verb|[|\emph{encoding}\verb|]{inputenc}|
\end{lscommand}

\iffalse When using this package, you should consider that other
people might not be able to display your input files on their
computer, because they use a different encoding. For example, the
German umlaut \"a on a PC is encoded as 132, but on some Unix
systems using ISO-LATIN~1 it is encoded as 228. Therefore you
should use this feature with care. The following encodings may
come handy, depending on the type of system you are working on:
\fi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
当使用这宏包时，应该考虑其他人在其计算机上或许不能显示你的输入文件，因为
他们使用不同的编码。例如，德语~\"a~在微机上的编码为~132，但是在一些使用~ISO-LATIN\nbs1~
的~Unix~系统上，它的编码为~228。所以应小心使用这个功能。根据系统的类型，可能有下列编码。

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l | r}
Operating system & encoding\\
\hline
Mac     &  \texttt{applemac} \\
Unix    &  \texttt{latin1} \\
Windows &  \texttt{ansinew} \\
OS/2    &  \texttt{cp850}
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

\iffalse Font encoding is a different matter. It defines at which
position inside a \TeX-font each letter is stored. The original
Computer Modern \TeX{} font does only contain the 128 characters
of the old 7-bit ASCII character set. When accented characters are
required, \TeX{} creates them by combining a normal character with
an accent. While the resulting output looks perfect, this approach
stops the automatic hyphenation from working inside words
containing accented characters. \fi%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
字体编码是不同的问题。它定义于一种~\TeX{}-字体的每个字母的所在位置。
原始的计算机现代~\TeX{}~字体仅包含旧的~7－字节~ASCII~字符集中的~128~个
字符。当需要注音字母的时候，由~\TeX{}~利用正常字母和注音符号生成。
这个方法停止对含有注音字母的单词进行断字，同时保证输出效果
看起来很完美。

\iffalse
 Fortunately, most modern \TeX{} distributions contain a
copy of the EC fonts. These fonts look like the Computer Modern
fonts, but contain special characters for most of the accented
characters used in European languages. By using these fonts you
can improve hyphenation in non-English documents. The EC fonts are
activated by including the \pai{fontenc} package in the preamble
of your document.\fi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
幸运的是大多数~\TeX{}~的现代版本带有一套~EC~字体。这些字体看起来
像现代计算机字体，但是包含用于欧洲语言大多数注音字母的特殊字符。
使用这些字体，可以改进非英语文档中的断字。EC~字体由包含于文档导言
中~\pai{fontenc}~宏包来激活。

\begin{lscommand}
\ci{usepackage}\verb|[T1]{fontenc}|
\end{lscommand}
\newpage

%\subsection{Support for German}
\subsection{对德语的支持}

\iffalse Some hints for those creating \wi{German}\index{Deutsch}
documents with \LaTeX{}. You can load German language support with
the command:
\fi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
用~\LaTeX{}~生成\wi{德语}\index{Deutsch}文档的一些提示。可以用命令

\begin{lscommand}
\verb|\usepackage[german]{babel}|
\end{lscommand}
\noindent 加载对德语的支持。

\iffalse This enables German hyphenation, if you have configured
your LaTeX system accordingly. It also changes all automatic text
into German. Eg. ``Chapter'' becomes ``Kapitel''. Further a set of
new commands becomes available which allows you to write German
input files more quickly. Check out table \ref{german} for
inspiration. \fi %%%%%%%%%%%
如果~\LaTeX{}~系统已经做了相应的配置，就能保证德语单词的断字。
同时它把自动文本替换为德语，即把“章”变为~``Kapitel''。而且提供了
一套新命令使得输入德语文件更加迅速。从表\nbs\ref{german}~中
能获得灵感。


\begin{table}[!hbp]
%\caption{German Special Characters.}
\caption{德语特殊字符.} \label{german}
\begin{lined}{5cm}
\begin{tabular}{*2{cl}}
\verb|"a| & \"a \hspace*{1ex} & \verb|"s| & \ss \\[1ex]
\verb|"`| & \glqq & \verb|"'| & \grqq \\[1ex]
\verb|"<| & \flqq  & \verb|">| & \frqq \\[1ex]
\ci{dq} & " \\
\end{tabular}
\bigskip
\end{lined}
\end{table}


%\section{The Space between Words}
\section{单词的间隔}

\iffalse To get a straight right margin in the output, \LaTeX{}
inserts varying amounts of space between the words. It inserts
slightly more space at the end of a sentence, as this makes the
text more readable.  \LaTeX{} assumes that sentences end with
periods, question marks or exclamation marks. If a period follows
an uppercase letter, this is not taken as a sentence ending, since
periods after uppercase letters normally occur in abbreviations.
\fi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
为了使输出的右边界对齐，\LaTeX{}~在单词间插入不等的间隔。
在句子的末尾插入的空间稍多一些，因为这使得文本更具可读性。
\LaTeX{}~假定句子以句号、问号或惊叹号结尾。
如果句号紧跟一个大写字母，它就不视为句子的结尾。
因为一般在有缩写地方，才出现句号紧跟大写字母的情况。

\iffalse Any exception from these assumptions has to be specified
by the author. A backslash in front of a space generates a space
which will not be enlarged. A tilde~`\verb|~|' character generates
a space which cannot be enlarged and which additionally prohibits
a linebreak. The command \verb|\@| in front of a period specifies
that this period terminates a sentence even when it follows an
uppercase letter. \cih{"@} \index{~@ \verb.~.} \index{tilde@tilde
( \verb.~.)} \index{., space after} \fi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
作者必须详细说明，这些假设中的任何一个例外。空格前的反斜线符号
产生一个不能伸长的空格。波浪字符~`\verb|~|'~也产生一个不能伸长
的空格，并且禁止断行。句号前的命令~\verb|\@|~说明这个句号是
句子的末尾，即使它紧跟一个大写字母。\cih{"@} \index{~@ \verb.~.}
\index{tilde@tilde ( \verb.~.)} \index{., space after}

\begin{example}
Mr.~Smith was happy to see her\\
cf.~Fig.~5\\
I like BASIC\@. What about you?
\end{example}

\iffalse
The additional space after periods can be disabled with
the command
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{frenchspacing}
\end{lscommand}
\noindent which tells \LaTeX{} \emph{not} to insert more space
after a period than after ordinary character. This is very common
in non-English languages, except bibliographies. If you use
\ci{frenchspacing}, the command \verb|\@| is not necessary.
\fi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
命令
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{frenchspacing}
\end{lscommand}
\noindent 能禁止在句号后插入额外的空间，它告诉~\LaTeX{}~在句号
后\emph{不}要插入比正常字母更多的空间。除了参考文献，这在非英语
语言中非常普遍。如果使用了~\ci{frenchspacing}，命令~\verb|\@|~就
不必要了。


%\section{Titles, Chapters, and Sections}
\section{标题，章和节}

\iffalse To help the reader find his or her way through your work,
you should divide it into chapters, sections, and subsections.
\LaTeX{} supports this with special commands which take the
section title as their argument.  It is up to you to use them in
the correct order.\fi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
为便于读者理解，应该把文档划分为章，节和子节。\LaTeX{}~用特殊的命令
支持这个工作，这些命令把节的标题作为参量。你的任务是按正确次序使用它们。

%The following sectioning commands are available for the
%\texttt{article} class:
对\texttt{article}风格的文档，有下列分节命令：
 \nopagebreak
\begin{code}
\ci{section}\verb|{...}           |\ci{paragraph}\verb|{...}|\\
\ci{subsection}\verb|{...}        |\ci{subparagraph}\verb|{...}|\\
\ci{subsubsection}\verb|{...}|
\end{code}

%You can use two additional sectioning commands for the \texttt{report}
%and the \texttt{book} class:
对~\texttt{report}~和~\texttt{book}~风格的文档，还有其他两个分节命令：

\begin{code}
\ci{part}\verb|{...}              |\ci{chapter}\verb|{...}|
\end{code}

\iffalse As the \texttt{article} class does not know about
chapters, it is quite easy to add articles as chapters to a book.
The spacing between sections, the numbering and the font size of
the titles will be set automatically by \LaTeX. \fi %%%%%%%%%%%%%
因为~\texttt{article}~风格的文档不划分为章，所以很容易把它作为
一章插入书籍文档中。节之间的间隔，节的序号和标题的字号由~\LaTeX{}~自动
设置。

\pagebreak[3]
\iffalse
Two of the sectioning commands are a bit
special:
\begin{itemize}
\item The \ci{part} command does
  not influence the numbering sequence of chapters.
\item The \ci{appendix} command does not take an argument. It just
  changes the chapter numbering to letters.\footnote{For the article
    style it changes the section numbering.}
\end{itemize}\fi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
分节的两个命令有些特殊性：
\begin{itemize}
\item 命令~\ci{part}~不影响章的序号。
\item 命令~\ci{appendix}~不带参量，只把章的序号改用为字母标记。
\footnote{对~\texttt{article}~风格的文档改变节的序号。}
\end{itemize}

\iffalse
 \LaTeX{} creates a table of contents by taking the
section headings and page numbers from the last compile cycle of
the document. The command
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{tableofcontents}
\end{lscommand}
\noindent expands to a table of contents at the place where it is
issued. A new document has to be compiled (``\LaTeX ed'') twice to
get a correct \wi{table of contents}. Sometimes it might be
necessary to compile the document a third time. \LaTeX{} will tell
you when this is necessary.
\fi %%%%%%%%%%%%%
\LaTeX{}~在文档编译的最后一个循环中，提取节的标题和页码以生成目录。命令
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{tableofcontents}
\end{lscommand}
\noindent
在其出现的位置插入目录。为了得到正确的\wi{目录}内容，一个新文档必须
编译两次。有时还要编译三次。届时~\LaTeX{}~会通知你。

\iffalse
All sectioning commands listed above also exist as
``starred'' versions.  A ``starred'' version of a command is built
by adding a star \verb|*| after the command name.  They generate
section headings which do not show up in the table of contents and
which are not numbered. The command \verb|\section{Help}|, for
example, would become \verb|\section*{Help}|.
\fi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%
上面列出的分节命令也以“带星”的形式出现。“带星”的命令通过在命令
名称后加~\verb|*|~来实现。它们生成的节标题既不出现于目录，也不带序号。
例如，命令~\verb|\section{Help}|~的“带星”形式为~\verb|\section*{Help}|。

\iffalse Normally the section headings show up in the table of
contents exactly as they are entered in the text. Sometimes this
is not possible, because the heading is too long to fit into the
table of contents. The entry for the table of contents can then be
specified as an optional argument in front of the actual heading.
\fi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
目录出现的标题，一般与输入的文本完全一致。有时这是不可能的，
因为标题太长排不进目录。在这种情况下，目录的条目可由真实标题前
的可选参量确定。

\begin{code}
\verb|\chapter[Title for the table of contents]{A long|\\
\verb|    and especially boring title, shown in the text}|
\end{code}

\iffalse
The \wi{title} of the whole document is generated by
issuing a
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{maketitle}
\end{lscommand}
\noindent command. The contents of the title have to be defined by the commands
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{title}\verb|{...}|, \ci{author}\verb|{...}|
and optionally \ci{date}\verb|{...}|
\end{lscommand}
\noindent before calling \verb|\maketitle|. In the argument of
\ci{author}, you can supply several names separated by \ci{and}
commands.
\fi %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
整篇文档的标题由命令
\begin{lscommand} \ci{maketitle}
\end{lscommand}
\noindent 产生。标题的内容必须在调用~\verb|\maketitle|~以前，由命令
\begin{lscommand}
\ci{title}\verb|{...}|, \ci{author}\verb|{...}| 和可选的%
%% and optionally
 \ci{date}\verb|{...}|
\end{lscommand}
\noindent
定义。在命令~\ci{author}~中，可以输入几个用~\ci{and}~命令分开的名字。

%An example of some of the commands mentioned above can be found in
%Figure~\ref{document} on page~\pageref{document}.