zip.1

给出了 zip 压缩算法的完整实现过程。

.TP
.B \-V
[VMS] Save VMS file attributes and use portable form.
.I zip
archives created with this option are truncated at EOF but still may not be
usable on other systems depending on the file types being zipped.
.TP
.B \-VV
[VMS] Save VMS file attributes.
.I zip
archives created with this option include the entire file and should be able
to recreate most VMS files on VMS systems but these archives will generally
not be usable on other systems.
.TP
.B \-w
[VMS] Append the version number of the files to the name,
including multiple versions of files.  (default: use only
the most recent version of a specified file).
.TP
.BI \-x\ files
Explicitly exclude the specified files, as in:
.RS
.IP
\fCzip -r foo foo -x \\*.o\fP
.RE
.IP
which will include the contents of
.I foo
in
.I foo.zip
while excluding all the files that end in \fI.o\fP.
The backslash avoids the shell filename substitution, so that the
name matching is performed by
.I zip
at all directory levels.  If you do not escape wildcards in patterns
it may seem to work but files in subdirectories will not be checked
for matches.
.IP
Also possible:
.RS
.IP
\fCzip -r foo foo [e-mail]\fP
.RE
.IP
which will include the contents of
.I foo
in
.I foo.zip
while excluding all the files that match the patterns in the file exclude.lst
(each file pattern on a separate line).
.TP
.B \-X
Do not save extra file attributes (Extended Attributes on OS/2, uid/gid
and file times on Unix).
.TP
.B \-y
Store symbolic links as such in the
.I zip
archive,
instead of compressing and storing the file referred to by the link
(UNIX only).
.TP
.B \-z
Prompt for a multi-line comment for the entire
.I zip
archive.
The comment is ended by a line containing just a period,
or an end of file condition (^D on UNIX, ^Z on MSDOS, OS/2, and VMS).
The comment can be taken from a file:
.RS
.IP
\fCzip -z foo < foowhat\fP
.RE
.TP
.BI \-#
Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit
.IR # ,
where
.B \-0
indicates no compression (store all files),
.B \-1
indicates the fastest compression method (less compression)
and
.B \-9
indicates the slowest compression method (optimal compression, ignores
the suffix list). The default compression level is
.BR \-6.
.TP
.B \-!
[WIN32] Use priviliges (if granted) to obtain all aspects of WinNT security.
.TP
.B \-@
Take the list of input files from standard input. Only one filename per line.
.TP
.B \-$
[MSDOS, OS/2, WIN32] Include the volume label for the drive holding
the first file to be compressed.  If you want to include only the volume
label or to force a specific drive, use the drive name as first file name,
as in:
.RS
.IP
\fCzip -$ foo a: c:bar\fP
.RE
.IP
.SH "EXAMPLES"
The simplest example:
.IP
\fCzip stuff *\fP
.LP
creates the archive
.I stuff.zip
(assuming it does not exist)
and puts all the files in the current directory in it, in compressed form
(the
.I \&.zip
suffix is added automatically,
unless that archive name given contains a dot already;
this allows the explicit specification of other suffixes).
.LP
Because of the way the shell does filename substitution,
files starting with "." are not included;
to include these as well:
.IP
\fCzip stuff .* *\fP
.LP
Even this will not include any subdirectories from the current directory.
.LP
To zip up an entire directory, the command:
.IP
\fCzip -r foo foo\fP
.LP
creates the archive
.IR foo.zip ,
containing all the files and directories in the directory
.I foo
that is contained within the current directory.
.LP
You may want to make a
.I zip
archive that contains the files in
.IR foo ,
without recording the directory name,
.IR foo .
You can use the
.B \-j
option to leave off the paths,
as in:
.IP
\fCzip -j foo foo/*\fP
.LP
If you are short on disk space,
you might not have enough room to hold both the original directory
and the corresponding compressed
.I zip
archive.
In this case, you can create the archive in steps using the
.B \-m
option.
If
.I foo
contains the subdirectories
.IR tom ,
.IR dick ,
and
.IR harry ,
you can:
.IP
\fCzip -rm foo foo/tom\fP
.br
\fCzip -rm foo foo/dick\fP
.br
\fCzip -rm foo foo/harry\fP
.LP
where the first command creates
.IR foo.zip ,
and the next two add to it.
At the completion of each
.I zip
command,
the last created archive is deleted,
making room for the next
.I zip
command to function.
.SH "PATTERN MATCHING"
This section applies only to UNIX, though the ?, *, and [] special
characters are implemented on other systems including MSDOS and Win32.
Watch this space for details on MSDOS and VMS operation.
.LP
The UNIX shells
.RI ( sh (1)
and
.IR csh (1))
do filename substitution on command arguments.
The special characters are:
.TP
.B ?
match any single character
.TP
.B *
match any number of characters (including none)
.TP
.B []
match any character in the range indicated within the brackets
(example: [a\-f], [0\-9]).
.LP
When these characters are encountered
(without being escaped with a backslash or quotes),
the shell will look for files relative to the current path
that match the pattern,
and replace the argument with a list of the names that matched.
.LP
The
.I zip
program can do the same matching on names that are in the
.I zip
archive being modified or,
in the case of the
.B \-x
(exclude) or
.B \-i
(include) options, on the list of files to be operated on, by using
backslashes or quotes to tell the shell not to do the name expansion.
In general, when
.I zip
encounters a name in the list of files to do, it first looks for the name in
the file system.  If it finds it, it then adds it to the list of files to do.
If it does not find it, it looks for the name in the
.I zip
archive being modified (if it exists), using the pattern matching characters
described above, if present.  For each match, it will add that name to the
list of files to be processed, unless this name matches one given
with the
.B \-x
option, or does not match any name given with the
.B \-i
option.
.LP
The pattern matching includes the path,
and so patterns like \\*.o match names that end in ".o",
no matter what the path prefix is.
Note that the backslash must precede every special character (i.e. ?*[]),
or the entire argument must be enclosed in double quotes ("").
.LP
In general, use backslash to make
.I zip
do the pattern matching with the
.B \-f
(freshen) and
.B \-d
(delete) options,
and sometimes after the
.B \-x
(exclude) option when used with an appropriate operation (add,
.BR \-u ,
.BR \-f ,
or
.BR \-d ).
.SH "ENVIRONMENT"
.TP
.B ZIPOPT
contains default options that will be used when running
.I zip
.TP
.B ZIP
[Not on RISC OS and VMS] see ZIPOPT
.TP
.B Zip$Options
[RISC OS] see ZIPOPT
.TP
.B Zip$Exts
[RISC OS] contains extensions separated by a : that will cause
native filenames with one of the specified extensions to
be added to the zip file with basename and extension swapped.
.I zip
.TP
.B ZIP_OPTS
[VMS] see ZIPOPT
.SH "SEE ALSO"
compress(1),
shar(1L),
tar(1),
unzip(1L),
gzip(1L)
.SH DIAGNOSTICS
The exit status (or error level) approximates the exit codes defined by PKWARE
and takes on the following values, except under VMS:
.RS
.IP 0
normal; no errors or warnings detected.
.IP 2
unexpected end of zip file.
.IP 3
a generic error in the zipfile format was detected.  Processing may have
completed successfully anyway; some broken zipfiles created by other
archivers have simple work-arounds.
.IP 4
\fIzip\fP was unable to allocate memory for one or more buffers during
program initialization.
.IP 5
a severe error in the zipfile format was detected.  Processing probably
failed immediately.
.IP 6
entry too large to split (with \fIzipsplit\fP), read, or write
.IP 7
invalid comment format
.IP 8
.I zip \-T
failed or out of memory
.IP 9
the user aborted \fIzip\fP prematurely with control-C (or similar)
.IP 10
\fIzip\fP encountered an error while using a temp file
.IP 11
read or seek error
.IP 12
\fIzip\fP has nothing to do
.IP 13
missing or empty zip file
.IP 14
error writing to a file
.IP 15
\fIzip\fP was unable to create a file to write to
.IP 16
bad command line parameters
.IP 18
\fIzip\fP could not open a specified file to read
.RE
.PP
VMS interprets standard Unix (or PC) return values as other, scarier-looking
things, so \fIzip\fP instead maps them into VMS-style status codes.  The
current mapping is as follows:   1 (success) for normal exit,
 and (0x7fff000? + 16*normal_zip_exit_status) for all errors, where the
`?' is 0 (warning) for \fIzip\fP value 12, 2 (error) for the
\fIzip\fP values 3, 6, 7, 9, 13, 16, 18,
and 4 (fatal error) for the remaining ones.
.PD
.SH BUGS
.I zip
2.32 is not compatible with PKUNZIP 1.10. Use
.I zip
1.1 to produce
.I zip
files which can be extracted by PKUNZIP 1.10.
.PP
.I zip
files produced by
.I zip
2.32 must not be
.I updated
by
.I zip
1.1 or PKZIP 1.10, if they contain
encrypted members or if they have been produced in a pipe or on a non-seekable
device. The old versions of
.I zip
or PKZIP would create an archive with an incorrect format.
The old versions can list the contents of the zip file
but cannot extract it anyway (because of the new compression algorithm).
If you do not use encryption and use regular disk files, you do
not have to care about this problem.
.LP
Under VMS,
not all of the odd file formats are treated properly.
Only stream-LF format
.I zip
files are expected to work with
.IR zip .
Others can be converted using Rahul Dhesi's BILF program.
This version of
.I zip
handles some of the conversion internally.
When using Kermit to transfer zip files from Vax to MSDOS, type "set
file type block" on the Vax.  When transferring from MSDOS to Vax, type
"set file type fixed" on the Vax.  In both cases, type "set file type
binary" on MSDOS.
.LP
Under VMS, zip hangs for file specification that uses DECnet syntax
.I foo::*.*.
.LP
On OS/2, \fIzip\fR cannot match some names, such as those including an
exclamation mark or a hash sign.  This is a bug in OS/2 itself: the
32-bit DosFindFirst/Next don't find such names.  Other programs such
as GNU tar are also affected by this bug.
.LP
Under OS/2, the amount of Extended Attributes displayed by DIR is (for
compatibility) the amount returned by the 16-bit version of
DosQueryPathInfo(). Otherwise OS/2 1.3 and 2.0 would report different
EA sizes when DIRing a file.
However, the structure layout returned by the 32-bit DosQueryPathInfo()
is a bit different, it uses extra padding bytes and link pointers (it's
a linked list) to have all fields on 4-byte boundaries for portability
to future RISC OS/2 versions. Therefore the value reported by
.I zip
(which uses this 32-bit-mode size) differs from that reported by DIR.
.I zip
stores the 32-bit format for portability, even the 16-bit
MS-C-compiled version running on OS/2 1.3, so even this one shows the
32-bit-mode size.
.LP
Development of \fIzip\fR\ 3.0 and \fIunzip\fR\ 6.0 are underway.  See those
source distributions for
many new features and the latest bug fixes.
.SH AUTHORS
Copyright (C) 1997-2006 Info-ZIP.
.LP
Copyright (C) 1990-1997 Mark Adler, Richard B. Wales, Jean-loup Gailly,
Onno van der Linden, Kai Uwe Rommel, Igor Mandrichenko, John Bush and
Paul Kienitz.
Permission is granted to any individual or institution to use, copy, or
redistribute this software so long as all of the original files are included,
that it is not sold for profit, and that this copyright notice
is retained.
.LP
LIKE ANYTHING ELSE THAT'S FREE, ZIP AND ITS ASSOCIATED UTILITIES ARE
PROVIDED AS IS AND COME WITH NO WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR
IMPLIED. IN NO EVENT WILL THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES
RESULTING FROM THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE.
.LP
Please send bug reports and comments to:
.IR zip-bugs
at
.IR www.info-zip.org .
For bug reports, please include the version of
.IR zip
(see \fIzip\ \-h\fP),
the make options used to compile it (see \fIzip\ \-v\fP),
the machine and operating system in use,
and as much additional information as possible.
.SH ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to R. P. Byrne for his
.I Shrink.Pas
program, which inspired this project,
and from which the shrink algorithm was stolen;
to Phil Katz for placing in the public domain the
.I zip
file format, compression format, and .ZIP filename extension, and for
accepting minor changes to the file format; to Steve Burg for
clarifications on the deflate format; to Haruhiko Okumura and Leonid
Broukhis for providing some useful ideas for the compression
algorithm; to Keith Petersen, Rich Wales, Hunter Goatley and Mark
Adler for providing a mailing list and
.I ftp
site for the Info-ZIP group to use; and most importantly, to the
Info-ZIP group itself (listed in the file
.IR infozip.who )
without whose tireless testing and bug-fixing efforts a portable
.I zip
would not have been possible.
Finally we should thank (blame) the first Info-ZIP moderator,
David Kirschbaum,
for getting us into this mess in the first place.
The manual page was rewritten for UNIX by R. P. C. Rodgers.
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