📄 开关电源的传导发射模型.htm
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<p class=MsoNormal align=left style='text-align:left;line-height:14.0pt'><b><i><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:
Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>概述</span></i></b><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'><br>
<br>
</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial'>军标</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>461C</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>在</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>CE01</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>发射（</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>60Hz-20kHz</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>）的频率范围内规定了电子设备产生谐波电流的极限值。这些发射是开关电源产生的电磁干扰的典型特征。计算机模型已经被用来研究军用电源配电系统上非线性负载的效应。可以用理想电流源并联适当负载阻抗来模拟非线性负载引起的谐波骚扰。电流源可以假定为谐波成分与测量值符合。谐波电压和电流可在电源配电系统中的不同点求得，总的谐波骚扰被估计为特殊线路接法时的质量因数。总谐波骚扰的预测值将与实际的船上测量值相近。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'><br>
<br>
</span><b><i><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>绪论</span></i></b><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'><br>
<br>
</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial'>在过去几年中，人们已非常重视军用电源配电系统中非线性负载的效应。功率转换器，尤其是开关调节闸，将把谐波电流引入到电源配电系统中。谐波电流会带来许多问题，包括对其他电子系统的干扰，使电机和其他磁性元件增加功耗，二次谐波转矩可以导致额外的机械振动，增加的谐波成分将通过输入端与地间的电容流入到船体甲板上。这些谐波发射聚集在两个频率范围：</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>60Hz-20kHz</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>（</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>CE01</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>发射）和</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>20kHz-50MHz</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>（</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>CE03</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>发射）。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>CE01</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>发射通常与整流器和输入平滑滤波器有关，</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>CE03</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>发射则与直流—直流变换器中使用的实际开关频率有关。因为许多工程技术人员，包括设计中的开关电源，如何处理电源配电系统中的这些设备所产生的电磁干扰是一个相当重要的问题。图</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>1</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>示意了实验室配电系统中的谐波骚扰情况。已经设计出最坏的计算机模型来估计典型的军用电源配电系统中的这种电磁干扰的影响。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'><br>
</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial'>测量几种常用电源以确定各种平滑滤波器的效果。典型的开关电源使用容性的平滑滤波器。这会因为滤波器的低成本、轻重量、小体积而产生相当好的波纹电流。不过，电容性平滑滤波器在较低的频率处会变得越来越不起作用，并且允许增加的谐波电平回送到源设备，因此通常不能通过</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>CE01</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>发射测试。图</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>2</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>是采用容性平滑滤波器的三相电源的频谱图。该频谱在一些点上（第</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>13</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>次谐波）比较得平坦，然后以</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>1/n3</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>的速度衰减。对其他几个电源测试的结果，发现衰减率在</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>1/n</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>—</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>1/n<sup>3</sup></span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>之间。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'><br>
</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial'>开关电源在</span><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
Arial'>20kHz</span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>—</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>50MHz</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>的范围内也呈现出传导发射的性质。设计人员一般选择开关频率在</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>20kHz</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>左右，因为低于</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>20kHz</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>的频率可以使设备产生电磁干扰而且很难滤除。</span><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>40kHz</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>以上的频率会引起额外的电磁干扰，但这比较容易滤掉。</span><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'> <span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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图1. 实验室单相电源线上60Hz处的谐波骚扰<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Arial'> <span lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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图2. BQQ-5型4B电源A相电源线的电流频谱<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang=EN-US style='mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'> 一些生产商正在生产100W的在200kHz工作的开关电源，但这个频率范围内电源的传导发射在很大程度上都依赖于生产商提供的滤波措施。在此问题上，不是对每种电源都提供一个详细的摸型，而是采用一般最坏情况下的开关摸型。可以假设：整流器和开关电路间的滤波器能够最优化地提供平滑滤波、电路可靠性和开关频率处必要的衰减作用。<br>
因为此问题旨在研究输入电源线上开关调节闸的作用，仅对整流器，输入滤波器和直流—直流转换器予以讨论。包括各种整流器和滤波器级联的测量以及几种计算机模型的设计。关于这一点，对先进的和落后的模型都应予以探究。在测量和先进的建模方面，需要广泛了解电路元件的详细情况。尽管这种要求使先进的模型在EMI分析方面并无多大用处，但这种模型仍然足以提供对设备的进一步理解。在落后的模型中，非线性信号源被具有适量谐波成分的等效电流源取代。此方法用作EMI分析是理想的。因为熟悉开关电源的整体特性且能够轻易地计算出具体数据。因此，EMI模型可以构建出来，在具体电源中可以计算出非线性开关电源的有效作用，而不需要了解电路各元件的情况。<br>
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</span><b><i><span style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>计算机模型</span></i></b><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'><br>
<br>
POWSUP这个新编写的计算机程序，已用来预测开关电源的CE01和CE03传导发射水平。该程序是1976年编写的用于预测三相电源总线上非线性负载的总体谐波电压骚扰的源程序的一个副产品。与其源程序相似，POWSUP是一个交互式程序，要求用户回答所模拟的电源系统的各种参数。输出送到显示屏上，因此用户可以观察到电源线上各个位置处的电压和电流。对模型中的所有负载和确定的频段都可以求得总谐波畸变。如果开关电源被视为负载，则流回信号源的CE03电流也可以得出。在每一模型端，用户可以选择运行另外一种模式。图3是计算机程序的流程图。<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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图3 电源（POWSUP）计算机程序流程图<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span lang=EN-US style='mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'> POWSUP分为CE01和CE03两块。程序可以计算出给定参数的船上电源线的谐波电压。这些电压可用来预测电源线上各处预期的THD。谐波畸变可以使敏感设备遭受会导致其功能降低的电压的影响。MIL—STD—461C的CS01细则给出了能够导致敏感设备功能降级的输入电源线上所需的电压等级。据此，船舶设计者可在设备正式安装到工作台之前，明确标标出潜在的问题区域。<br>
<br>
</span><b><i><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt;mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial'>CE01模型</span></i></b><span lang=EN-US style='mso-bidi-font-family:
Arial'><br>
<br>
计算机程序模块是一个平衡的三相星形或三角形接法的充当单相线路的电源配电系统。非线性负载引起的谐波畸变可由旁路负载阻抗的理想电流源来进行模拟。这些电流源可被假设其谐波成分与测量值匹配。模型可以分析多达10个并联安装在信号源处的平衡负载。在电源配电系统中的各个地方均可求出谐波电压与电流，可以把整体谐波畸变估作特定线路接法时的性能因数。模型可以容纳60Hz或400Hz的信号源。<br>
图4（a）是典型的三角形接法的电源配电系统。图4（d）是等效的星形配电系统。如果系统是平衡的，那么我们就可把三角形接法的系统用等效的星形接法的系统的有关公式来描述如下：<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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