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📄 电子元件的防静电损坏措施.htm

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    <p class=MsoNormal style='line-height:14.0pt'><span lang=EN-US
    style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'><br>
    </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
    Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>１．静电放电</span><span
    lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<br>
    </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
    Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>　　静电放电（</span><span
    lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>ESD</span><span
    style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
    mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>）是大家熟知的电磁兼容问题，它可引起电子设备失灵或使其损坏。当半导体器件单独放置或装入电路模块时，即使没有加电，也可能造成这些器件的永久性损坏。对静电放电敏感的元件被称为静电放电敏感元件（</span><span
    lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>ESDS</span><span
    style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
    mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>）。</span><span
    lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'><br>
    </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
    Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>　　如果一个元件的两个针脚或更多针脚之间的电压超过元件介质的击穿强度，就会对元件造成损坏。这是</span><span
    lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>MOS</span><span
    style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
    mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>器件出现故障最主要的原因。氧化层越薄，则元件对静电放电的敏感性也越大。故障通常表现为元件本身对电源有一定阻值的短路现象。对于双极性元件，损坏一般发生在薄氧化层隔开的已进行金属喷镀的有源半导体区域，因此会产生泄漏严重的路径。</span><span
    lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'><br>
    </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
    Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>　　另一种故障是由于节点的温度超过半导体硅的熔点（</span><span
    lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>1415</span><span
    style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
    mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>℃）时所引起的。静电放电脉冲的能量可以产生局部地方发热，因此出现这种机理的故障。即使电压低于介质的击穿电压，也会发生这种故障。一个典型的例子是，</span><span
    lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>NPN</span><span
    style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
    mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>型三极管发射极与基极间的击穿会使电流增益急剧降低。</span><span
    lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'><br>
    </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
    Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>　　器件受到静电放电的影响后，也可能不立即出现功能性的损坏。这些受到潜在损坏的元件通常被称为“跛脚”，一旦加以使用，将会对以后发生的静电放电或传导性瞬态表现出更大的敏感性。</span><span
    lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'><br>
    </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
    Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>　　要密切注意元件在不易察觉的放电电压下发生的损坏，这一点非常重要。人体有感觉的静电放电电压在</span><span
    lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>3000 — 5000V</span><span
    style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
    mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>之间，然而，元件发生损坏时的电压仅几百伏。</span><span
    lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'><br>
    </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
    Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>　　静电放电的危害效应是在二十世纪七十年代开始认识到的，这是由于新技术的发展导致元件对静电放电的损坏越来越敏感。静电放电造成的损失每年可达到几百万美元以上。因此，许多大型的元件和设备制造厂引进专业技术以减小生产环境中的静电积累，从而使产品合格率和可靠性提高了许多。用户根据自己的经验也懂得了防治静电放电损害的重要性。</span><span
    lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'><br>
    <br>
    </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
    Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>２．如何对付静电放电？</span><span
    lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'><br>
    <br>
    </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
    Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>　　控制静电积累的第一步是要弄清楚静电荷的产生机理。</span><span
    lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'><br>
    </span><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
    Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>　　静电电压是由不同种类的物质相互接触与分离而产生。尽管摩擦能够使电荷积累得更多，但是摩擦并不是必要的。这种效应即是大家熟知的摩擦起电，所产生的电压取决于相互摩擦的材料本身的特性。磨擦起电序列表列出了各类物质的带电难易程度。对于相互接触的两种物质，电子会从序列表较上的物质转向较下的物质，这样就会使两种物质分别带正负电荷。序列表中的物质离得越远，各自所带的电荷数量也越大。常见物质的磨擦起电序列如表</span><span
    lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>1</span><span
    style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
    mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>所示。</span><span
    lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'><br>
    &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
    <o:p></o:p></span></p>
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      style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
      mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>表</span><span
      lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Arial'>1 </span><span
      style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
      mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial'>摩擦起电序列</span><span
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        <p align=center style='text-align:center'><span style='mso-bidi-font-family:
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