📄 ch1.htm
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<p><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#FFFFFF">4</font></span><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">．操作系统的作用</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font color="#FFFFFF">用户角度：用户与计算机硬件系统之间接口</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt"><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">资源管理角度：计算机资源的管理者，处理机管理、存储器管理、</span><span lang="EN-US">I/O</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">设备</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes" lang="EN-US"><font color="#FFFFFF">
</font></span><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">管理、文件管理</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font color="#FFFFFF">扩充机器：虚拟机</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#FFFFFF">5．</font></span><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">操作系统的目标</span></font></p>
<p><span style="mso-spacerun: yes" lang="EN-US"><font color="#FFFFFF">
</font></span><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">方便性、有效性、可扩充性、开放性</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3"><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#FFFFFF">6．</font></span><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">操作系统模型</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font color="#FFFFFF">⑴整体式系统（无序模块法）</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes" lang="EN-US"><font color="#FFFFFF">
</font></span><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">存在程度很低的结构化</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font color="#FFFFFF">⑵层次式系统</font></span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font color="#FFFFFF">用户接口</font></span></p>
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<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对</span><span lang="EN-US">OS</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对象操纵和管理的软件集合</span></font></p>
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<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#FFFFFF">OS</font></span><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对象</span></font></p>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt"><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#FFFFFF"> <o:p>
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</font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font color="#FFFFFF">⑶客户</font></span><font color="#FFFFFF"><span lang="EN-US">/</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务器式系统</span></font></p>
<p><span style="mso-spacerun: yes" lang="EN-US"><font color="#FFFFFF">
</font></span><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑷虚拟机系统</span></font></p>
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<p style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align="center"><font size="4" color="#FFFFFF"><span style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><a name="ch125"></a>1
</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman">．</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">2
</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman">操作系统的发展过程</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">1
</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman">．</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt">5</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Times New Roman; mso-hansi-font-family: Times New Roman">操作系统的进一步发展</span><span lang="EN-US" style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt"><o:p>
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<p><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font color="#FFFFFF">推动操作系统发展的动力：</font></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font color="#FFFFFF">不断提高计算机资源利用率的需要；</font></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font color="#FFFFFF">方便用户；</font></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font color="#FFFFFF">器件的不断更新换代；</font></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font color="#FFFFFF">计算机体系结构的不断发展。</font></span></p>
<p><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#FFFFFF"> <o:p>
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<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4"><span lang="EN-US"><font color="#FFFFFF">1．</font></span><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">无操作系统时代</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4"><font color="#FFFFFF"><span lang="EN-US">2．</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">单道批处理系统：自动性、顺序性、单道性</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4"><font color="#FFFFFF"><span lang="EN-US">3．</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">多道批处理系统</span></font></p>
<p><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes" lang="EN-US">
</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑴多道程序设计的概念：把一个以上的作业（程序）存放在主存中，并且同时处于运行状态，共享处理机时间和外部设备等其他资源的方法。</span></font></p>
<p><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes" lang="EN-US">
</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑵多道程序设计的优点：（举例说明）</span></font></p>
<p><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes" lang="EN-US">
</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">提高</span><span lang="EN-US">CPU</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的利用率；提高内存和</span><span lang="EN-US">I/O</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">设备的利用率；增加系统吞吐量。</span></font></p>
<p><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes" lang="EN-US">
</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑶多道批处理系统（介绍）</span></font></p>
<p><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes" lang="EN-US">
</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑷多道批处理系统的特征：</span></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font color="#FFFFFF">脱机操作、成批处理、多道性、无序性、调度性</font></span></p>
<p><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes" lang="EN-US">
</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑸多道批处理系统的优点、缺点</span></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font color="#FFFFFF">优点：资源利用率高，系统吞吐量大</font></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font color="#FFFFFF">缺点：平均周转时间长，无交互能力</font></span></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font color="#FFFFFF">周转时间定义</font></span></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4"><font color="#FFFFFF"><span lang="EN-US">4．</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">分时操作系统</span></font></p>
<p><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes" lang="EN-US">
</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑴产生原因：人机交互、共享主机、便于用户上机</span></font></p>
<p><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes" lang="EN-US">
</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑵实现关键：及时接收处理</span></font></p>
<p><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes" lang="EN-US">
</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑶实现方法：单道分时系统、多道分时系统、具有前台和后台的分时系统</span></font></p>
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</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑷特征：多路性、独立性、及时性、交互性</span></font></p>
<p style="MARGIN-LEFT: 18pt; TEXT-INDENT: -18pt; tab-stops: list 18.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4"><font color="#FFFFFF"><span lang="EN-US">5．</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">实时操作系统</span></font></p>
<p><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes" lang="EN-US">
</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑴实时系统的引入：实时控制、实时信息处理</span></font></p>
<p><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes" lang="EN-US">
</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑵实时系统定义</span></font></p>
<p style="TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><font color="#FFFFFF">实时：指对随机发生的外部时间做出及时的相应并对其进行处理。（所谓事件时指来自与计算机系统相连接的设备所提出的服务要求和采集数据）</font></span></p>
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</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">实时系统：指系统能及时（或即时）相应外部事件的请求，在规定的时间内完成对该事件的处理，并控制所有实时任务协调一致地运行。</span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes" lang="EN-US"> </span></font></p>
<p><font color="#FFFFFF"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes" lang="EN-US">
</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">⑶实时操作系统的主要特征：及时响应、高可靠性、专用性、少人工干预</span></font></p>
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