bch_euc.c

bch编码源程序功能比较强大

// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
//        File: bch_euc.c
//        Date: April 3, 2002
// Description: An encoder/decoder for binary BCH codes
//              Error correction using the EUCLIDEAN ALGORITHM
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------
// This program is complementary material for the book:
//
// R.H. Morelos-Zaragoza, The Art of Error Correcting Coding, Wiley, 2002.
//
// ISBN 0471 49581 6
//
// This and other programs are available at http://the-art-of-ecc.com
//
// You may use this program for academic and personal purposes only. 
// If this program is used to perform simulations whose results are 
// published in a journal or book, please refer to the book above.
//
// The use of this program in a commercial product requires explicit 
// written permission from the author. The author is not responsible or 
// liable for damage or loss that may be caused by the use of this program. 
//
// Copyright (c) 2002. Robert H. Morelos-Zaragoza. All rights reserved.
// ------------------------------------------------------------------------

#include <math.h>
#include <stdio.h>

int             m, n, length, k, t, d;
int             p[21];
int             alpha_to[1048576], index_of[1048576], g[548576];
int             recd[1048576], data[1048576], bb[548576];
int             seed;
int             numerr, errpos[1024], decerror = 0;


void 
read_p()
/*
 *	Read m, the degree of a primitive polynomial p(x) used to compute the
 *	Galois field GF(2**m). Get precomputed coefficients p[] of p(x). Read
 *	the code length.
 */
{
	int			i, ninf;

	printf("\nEnter a value of m such that the code length is\n");
	printf("2**(m-1) - 1 < length <= 2**m - 1\n\n");
    do {
	   printf("Enter m (between 2 and 20): ");
	   scanf("%d", &m);
    } while ( !(m>1) || !(m<21) );
	for (i=1; i<m; i++)
		p[i] = 0;
	p[0] = p[m] = 1;
	if (m == 2)			p[1] = 1;
	else if (m == 3)	p[1] = 1;
	else if (m == 4)	p[1] = 1;
	else if (m == 5)	p[2] = 1;
	else if (m == 6)	p[1] = 1;
	else if (m == 7)	p[1] = 1;
	else if (m == 8)	p[4] = p[5] = p[6] = 1;
	else if (m == 9)	p[4] = 1;
	else if (m == 10)	p[3] = 1;
	else if (m == 11)	p[2] = 1;
	else if (m == 12)	p[3] = p[4] = p[7] = 1;
	else if (m == 13)	p[1] = p[3] = p[4] = 1;
	else if (m == 14)	p[1] = p[11] = p[12] = 1;
	else if (m == 15)	p[1] = 1;
	else if (m == 16)	p[2] = p[3] = p[5] = 1;
	else if (m == 17)	p[3] = 1;
	else if (m == 18)	p[7] = 1;
	else if (m == 19)	p[1] = p[5] = p[6] = 1;
	else if (m == 20)	p[3] = 1;
	printf("p(x) = ");
    n = 1;
	for (i = 0; i <= m; i++) {
        n *= 2;
		printf("%1d", p[i]);
        }
	printf("\n");
	n = n / 2 - 1;
	ninf = (n + 1) / 2 - 1;
	do  {
		printf("Enter code length (%d < length <= %d): ", ninf, n);
		scanf("%d", &length);
	} while ( !((length <= n)&&(length>ninf)) );
}


void 
generate_gf()
/*
 * Generate field GF(2**m) from the irreducible polynomial p(X) with
 * coefficients in p[0]..p[m].
 *
 * Lookup tables:
 *   index->polynomial form: alpha_to[] contains j=alpha^i;
 *   polynomial form -> index form:	index_of[j=alpha^i] = i
 *
 * alpha=2 is the primitive element of GF(2**m) 
 */
{
	register int    i, mask;

	mask = 1;
	alpha_to[m] = 0;
	for (i = 0; i < m; i++) {
		alpha_to[i] = mask;
		index_of[alpha_to[i]] = i;
		if (p[i] != 0)
			alpha_to[m] ^= mask;
		mask <<= 1;
	}
	index_of[alpha_to[m]] = m;
	mask >>= 1;
	for (i = m + 1; i < n; i++) {
		if (alpha_to[i - 1] >= mask)
		  alpha_to[i] = alpha_to[m] ^ ((alpha_to[i - 1] ^ mask) << 1);
		else
		  alpha_to[i] = alpha_to[i - 1] << 1;
		index_of[alpha_to[i]] = i;
	}
	index_of[0] = -1;
}


void 
gen_poly()
/*
 * Compute the generator polynomial of a binary BCH code. Fist generate the
 * cycle sets modulo 2**m - 1, cycle[][] =  (i, 2*i, 4*i, ..., 2^l*i). Then
 * determine those cycle sets that contain integers in the set of (d-1)
 * consecutive integers {1..(d-1)}. The generator polynomial is calculated
 * as the product of linear factors of the form (x+alpha^i), for every i in
 * the above cycle sets.
 */
{
	register int	ii, jj, ll, kaux;
	register int	test, aux, nocycles, root, noterms, rdncy;
	int             cycle[1024][21], size[1024], min[1024], zeros[1024];

	/* Generate cycle sets modulo n, n = 2**m - 1 */
	cycle[0][0] = 0;
	size[0] = 1;
	cycle[1][0] = 1;
	size[1] = 1;
	jj = 1;			/* cycle set index */
	if (m > 9)  {
		printf("Computing cycle sets modulo %d\n", n);
		printf("(This may take some time)...\n");
	}
	do {
		/* Generate the jj-th cycle set */
		ii = 0;
		do {
			ii++;
			cycle[jj][ii] = (cycle[jj][ii - 1] * 2) % n;
			size[jj]++;
			aux = (cycle[jj][ii] * 2) % n;
		} while (aux != cycle[jj][0]);
		/* Next cycle set representative */
		ll = 0;
		do {
			ll++;
			test = 0;
			for (ii = 1; ((ii <= jj) && (!test)); ii++)	
			/* Examine previous cycle sets */
			  for (kaux = 0; ((kaux < size[ii]) && (!test)); kaux++)
			     if (ll == cycle[ii][kaux])
			        test = 1;
		} while ((test) && (ll < (n - 1)));
		if (!(test)) {
			jj++;	/* next cycle set index */
			cycle[jj][0] = ll;
			size[jj] = 1;
		}
	} while (ll < (n - 1));
	nocycles = jj;		/* number of cycle sets modulo n */

	printf("Enter the error correcting capability, t: ");
	scanf("%d", &t);

	d = 2 * t + 1;

	/* Search for roots 1, 2, ..., d-1 in cycle sets */
	kaux = 0;
	rdncy = 0;
	for (ii = 1; ii <= nocycles; ii++) {
		min[kaux] = 0;
		test = 0;
		for (jj = 0; ((jj < size[ii]) && (!test)); jj++)
			for (root = 1; ((root < d) && (!test)); root++)
				if (root == cycle[ii][jj])  {
					test = 1;
					min[kaux] = ii;
				}
		if (min[kaux]) {
			rdncy += size[min[kaux]];
			kaux++;
		}
	}
	noterms = kaux;
	kaux = 1;
	for (ii = 0; ii < noterms; ii++)
		for (jj = 0; jj < size[min[ii]]; jj++) {
			zeros[kaux] = cycle[min[ii]][jj];
			kaux++;
		}

	k = length - rdncy;

    if (k<0)
      {
         printf("Parameters invalid!\n");
         exit(0);
      }

	printf("This is a (%d, %d, %d) binary BCH code\n", length, k, d);

	/* Compute the generator polynomial */
	g[0] = alpha_to[zeros[1]];
	g[1] = 1;		/* g(x) = (X + zeros[1]) initially */
	for (ii = 2; ii <= rdncy; ii++) {
	  g[ii] = 1;
	  for (jj = ii - 1; jj > 0; jj--)
	    if (g[jj] != 0)
	      g[jj] = g[jj - 1] ^ alpha_to[(index_of[g[jj]] + zeros[ii]) % n];
	    else
	      g[jj] = g[jj - 1];
	  g[0] = alpha_to[(index_of[g[0]] + zeros[ii]) % n];
	}
	printf("Generator polynomial:\ng(x) = ");
	for (ii = 0; ii <= rdncy; ii++) {
	  printf("%d", g[ii]);
	  if (ii && ((ii % 50) == 0))
	    printf("\n");
	}
	printf("\n");
}


void 
encode_bch()
/*
 * Compute redundacy bb[], the coefficients of b(x). The redundancy
 * polynomial b(x) is the remainder after dividing x^(length-k)*data(x)
 * by the generator polynomial g(x).
 */
{
	register int    i, j;
	register int    feedback;

	for (i = 0; i < length - k; i++)
		bb[i] = 0;
	for (i = k - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
		feedback = data[i] ^ bb[length - k - 1];
		if (feedback != 0) {
			for (j = length - k - 1; j > 0; j--)
				if (g[j] != 0)
					bb[j] = bb[j - 1] ^ feedback;
				else
					bb[j] = bb[j - 1];
			bb[0] = g[0] && feedback;
		} else {
			for (j = length - k - 1; j > 0; j--)
				bb[j] = bb[j - 1];
			bb[0] = 0;
		}
	}
}


void 
decode_bch()
{
register int i, j, u, q, t2, count = 0, syn_error = 0;
int elp[1026][1024], l[1], s[1025];
int root[200], loc[200], err[1024], reg[201];
int qt[513], r[129][513];
int b[12][513];
int degr[129], degb[129];
int temp, aux[513];

  t2 = 2 * t;

  /* Compute the syndromes */
  printf("S(x) = ");
  for (i = 1; i <= t2; i++) {
    s[i] = 0;
    for (j = 0; j < length; j++)
      if (recd[j] != 0)
      s[i] ^= alpha_to[(i * j) % n];
      if (s[i] != 0)
      syn_error = 1; /* set error flag if non-zero syndrome */
      /* convert syndrome from polynomial form to index form  */
      s[i] = index_of[s[i]];
      printf("%3d ", s[i]);
    }
  printf("\n");

  if (syn_error) 
    {
    //
    // Compute the error location polynomial with the Euclidean algorithm
    // 

    for (i=0; i<=d; i++) {
      r[0][i] = 0;
      r[1][i] = 0;
      b[0][i] = 0;
      b[1][i] = 0;
      qt[i] = 0;
     }

  b[1][0] = 1; degb[0] = 0; degb[1] = 0;

  r[0][d] = 1; // x^{2t+1}
  degr[0] = d;

  for (i=0; i<=t2; i++)
    {
      if (s[i]!=-1) {
        r[1][i] = alpha_to[s[i]];
        degr[1] = i;
      }
      else
        r[1][i] = 0;
    }

  j = 1;

  if( (degr[0]-degr[1]) < t ) {

  do {

    j++;

printf("\n************************  j=%3d\n", j);
    // ----------------------------------------
    // Apply long division to r[j-2] and r[j-1]
    // ----------------------------------------

    // Clean r[j]
    for (i=0; i<=d; i++) r[j][i] = 0;

    for (i=0;i<=degr[j-2];i++) 
      r[j][i] = r[j-2][i]; 
    degr[j] = degr[j-2];

    temp = degr[j-2]-degr[j-1];
    for (i=temp; i>=0; i--) {
      u = degr[j-1]+i;
      if (degr[j] == u)
        {
        if ( r[j][degr[j]] && r[j-1][degr[j-1]] )
          qt[i] = alpha_to[(index_of[r[j][degr[j]]]
                                       +n-index_of[r[j-1][degr[j-1]]])%n];

//printf("r[j][degr[j]]] = %d,  r[j-1][degr[j-1]] = %d\n",
//index_of[r[j][degr[j]]], index_of[r[j-1][degr[j-1]]]);
printf("\nqt[%d]=%d\n", i, index_of[qt[i]]);

        for (u=0; u<=d; u++) aux[u] = 0;

        temp = degr[j-1];
        for (u=0; u<=temp; u++)
          if ( qt[i] && r[j-1][u] )
            aux[u+i] = alpha_to[(index_of[qt[i]]+index_of[r[j-1][u]])%n];
          else
            aux[u+i] = 0;

printf("r    = ");
for (u=0; u<=degr[j]; u++) printf("%4d ", index_of[r[j][u]]);
printf("\n");
printf("aux  = ");
for (u=0; u<=degr[j-1]+i; u++) printf("%4d ", index_of[aux[u]]);
printf("\n");

        for (u=0; u<=degr[j]; u++)
          r[j][u] ^= aux[u];
        u = d;
        while ( !r[j][u] && (u>0)) u--;
        degr[j] = u;
        }
      else
        qt[i] = 0;

printf("r    = ");
for (u=0; u<=degr[j]; u++) printf("%4d ", index_of[r[j][u]]);
printf("\n");

      }

printf("\nqt = ",j);
temp = degr[j-2]-degr[j-1];
for (i=0; i<=temp; i++) printf("%4d ", index_of[qt[i]]);
printf("\nr = ");
for (i=0; i<=degr[j]; i++) printf("%4d ", index_of[r[j][i]]);
printf("\nb = ");

    // Compute b(x)

    for (i=0; i<=d; i++) 
      aux[i] = 0; 

    temp = degr[j-2]-degr[j-1];
    for (i=0; i<=temp; i++)
      for (u=0; u<=degb[j-1]; u++)
        if ( qt[i] && b[j-1][u] )
          aux[i+u] ^= alpha_to[(index_of[qt[i]]+index_of[b[j-1][u]])%n];

    for (i=0; i<=d; i++) 
      b[j][i] = b[j-2][i] ^ aux[i];

    u = d;
    while ( !b[j][u] && (u>0) ) u--;
    degb[j] = u;

for (i=0; i<=degb[j]; i++) printf("%4d ", index_of[b[j][i]]);
printf("\n");

  } while (degr[j]>t); 

}

  u=1;
  temp = degb[j];
  // Normalize error locator polynomial
  for (i=0;i<=temp;i++) {
    elp[u][i] = alpha_to[(index_of[b[j][i]]-index_of[b[j][0]]+n)%n];
    }
  l[u] = temp;

  if (l[u] <= t) {
    /* put elp into index form */
    for (i = 0; i <= l[u]; i++)
      elp[u][i] = index_of[elp[u][i]];

    printf("sigma(x) = ");
    for (i = 0; i <= l[u]; i++)
      printf("%3d ", elp[u][i]);
    printf("\n");
    printf("Roots: ");

    /* Chien search: find roots of the error location polynomial */
    for (i = 1; i <= l[u]; i++)
      reg[i] = elp[u][i];
    count = 0;
    for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
      q = 1;
      for (j = 1; j <= l[u]; j++)
        if (reg[j] != -1) {
          reg[j] = (reg[j] + j) % n;
          q ^= alpha_to[reg[j]];
        }
      if (!q) {
        root[count] = i;
        loc[count] = n - i;
        count++;
        printf("%3d ", n - i);
      }
    }
  printf("\n");

  if (count == l[u])	
    /* no. roots = degree of elp hence <= t errors */
    for (i = 0; i < l[u]; i++)
      recd[loc[i]] ^= 1;
  else
    printf("Incomplete decoding: errors detected\n");
  }
 }
}



main()
{
	int             i;

	read_p();               /* Read m */
	generate_gf();          /* Construct the Galois Field GF(2**m) */
	gen_poly();             /* Compute the generator polynomial of BCH code */

	/* Randomly generate DATA */
	seed = 131073;
	srandom(seed);
	for (i = 0; i < k; i++)
		data[i] = ( random() & 65536 ) >> 16;

	encode_bch();           /* encode data */

	/*
	 * recd[] are the coefficients of c(x) = x**(length-k)*data(x) + b(x)
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < length - k; i++)
		recd[i] = bb[i];
	for (i = 0; i < k; i++)
		recd[i + length - k] = data[i];
	printf("Code polynomial:\nc(x) = ");
	for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
		printf("%1d", recd[i]);
		if (i && ((i % 50) == 0))
			printf("\n");
	}
	printf("\n");

	printf("Enter the number of errors:\n");
	scanf("%d", &numerr);	/* CHANNEL errors */
    printf("Enter error locations (integers between");
    printf(" 0 and %d): ", length-1);
	/*
	 * recd[] are the coefficients of r(x) = c(x) + e(x)
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < numerr; i++)
		scanf("%d", &errpos[i]);
	if (numerr)
		for (i = 0; i < numerr; i++)
			recd[errpos[i]] ^= 1;
	printf("r(x) = ");
	for (i = 0; i < length; i++) {
		printf("%1d", recd[i]);
		if (i && ((i % 50) == 0))
			printf("\n");
	}
	printf("\n");

	decode_bch();             /* DECODE received codeword recv[] */

	/*
	 * print out original and decoded data
	 */
	printf("Results:\n");
	printf("original data  = ");
	for (i = 0; i < k; i++) {
		printf("%1d", data[i]);
		if (i && ((i % 50) == 0))
			printf("\n");
	}
	printf("\nrecovered data = ");
	for (i = length - k; i < length; i++) {
		printf("%1d", recd[i]);
		if ((i-length+k) && (((i-length+k) % 50) == 0))
			printf("\n");
	}
	printf("\n");

	/*
	 * DECODING ERRORS? we compare only the data portion
	 */
	for (i = length - k; i < length; i++)
		if (data[i - length + k] != recd[i])
			decerror++;
	if (decerror)
	   printf("There were %d decoding errors in message positions\n", decerror);
	else
	   printf("Succesful decoding\n");
}