📄 detecting faces in images a survey( 翻译） - mqt_2003的专栏 - csdnblog.htm
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style="FONT-FAMILY: AdvP6EC0; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvP6EC0; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman"><FONT size=1>IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON PATTERN ANALYSIS AND
MACHINE INTELLIGENCE, VOL. 24, NO. 1, JANUARY
2002<O:P></O:P></FONT></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
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style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; FONT-FAMILY: AdvP6EC0; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvP6EC0; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">Detecting Faces in Images: A Survey</FONT></SPAN><STRONG
style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: AdvP6EC0; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: AdvP6EC0; mso-ascii-font-family: AdvP6EC0">（中文翻译，其中的图片略）</SPAN></STRONG><SPAN
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</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></STRONG><STRONG
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style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">译者</SPAN></STRONG><STRONG
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<SPAN lang=EN-US>-----</SPAN></FONT></SPAN></STRONG><STRONG
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style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">孟庆涛、煅新娥</SPAN></STRONG><FONT
face="Times New Roman"><STRONG style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">
</SPAN></STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"
align=left><STRONG style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">摘要</SPAN></STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：脸的图像对基于视频的人机交互是必不可少的，基于人脸处理的研究方向包括人脸识别、人脸跟踪、姿势判断、表情识别。然而，很多方法都假设图像或图像序列中的人脸已经确认并定位。为了建立用来分析人脸图像所包含信息的全自动化的系统，我们需要鲁棒性好、高效的人脸检测算法。给定一张图像，人脸检测的目的是确定所有包含人脸的图像区域，而不管人脸的三维位置、方向和光照条件。这是一个比较有挑战性的问题，因为人脸是非刚性的，它在大小、形状、颜色和构造方面有高度的可变性。针对在单副图像中检测人脸，已经开发出很多技术，这篇文章的目的是对这些技术进行分类并评价这些算法。我们也讨论了一些相关问题，比如说数据收集、评价方法和标准。在分析这些算法并认清它们的局限性后，我们得出了几个很前景得研究方向。</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
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align=left><STRONG style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">关键词</SPAN></STRONG><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">：人脸检测</SPAN><SPAN
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</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">人脸识别</SPAN><SPAN
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</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主体识别</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN
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</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">基于观察的识别</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman">
</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">统计模式识别</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN
style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman">
</FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">机器学习</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
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style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1
</FONT></SPAN></STRONG><STRONG style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">引言</SPAN></STRONG><SPAN
lang=EN-US
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<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"
align=left><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">随着新的信息技术和信息媒介的普及，在人机交互方面越来越多的高效友好的方法被开发出来，这些方法不依赖于传统的设备，比如说键盘、鼠标和显示器。而且，计算机性价比持续下降，近来视频设备成本下跌，预示着计算机视频系统能够在台式机和嵌入式系统中开发。（见于文献〔</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">111</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">〕、〔</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">112</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">〕、〔</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">113</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">〕）。人脸处理研究的快速发展是基于假设的，即关于用户身份、状态、意图的信息能够从图像中抽取出来，然后计算机做出相应响应，比方说观察一个人的面部表情。尽管心理学家、神经学学家和工程师们已经在人脸和人脸表情识别方面研究了</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">多年，但近五年中这方面已经吸引了很多人的注意。很多开发出来的科研原型系统和商业产品应用了这些方法。任何一个人脸处理系统的第一步是人脸在图像中的位置。然而，从单张图片中检测出人脸是一项具有挑战性的工作，因为人脸在大小、位置、方向、姿势方面是可变的。人脸表情、牙齿相接触的方式、光照也会改变人脸的整体外观。</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"
align=left><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">现在，我们对人脸检测下一个定义：给定任意图像，人脸检测的目的是确定图像中是否有人脸，如果有人脸，则返回人脸在图像中的位置和范围。人脸检测面临的挑战可以归结为一下因素：</SPAN><SPAN
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style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
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align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">姿势。人脸图像会因摄像机－人脸的相对位置（正面，成</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">45</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">度角，侧面，上下颠倒）以及象独眼、鼻子部分或全部闭合等一些人脸特性而不同。</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"
align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）组成部件的有和无。象胡子、眼镜等面部特征，有些人有，有些人没有，而且它们在形状、颜色、和大小方面也有很大的差别。</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"
align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）面部表情。人的面貌直接受面部表情的影响。</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal
style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"
align=left><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT
face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）遮挡。人脸可能别其他物体部分遮挡。在有一群人的图像里，有些人的脸会被其他人的脸部分遮挡。</SPAN><SPAN
lang=EN-US
style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><O:P></O:P></SPAN></P>
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