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<td width="90%"><font size="4" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica"><b>声明类、变量和方法 </b></font></td><td width="200" align="right"><font size="1" face="Verdana, Arial, Helvetica"><nobr> 第 2 页(共5 页)</nobr></font></td>
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<p>现在我们来看一下用于修饰类、方法和变量的方法。有两种修饰符 -- 访问修饰符和非访问修饰符。访问修饰符让我们可以对代码限制访问或者提供更多的访问。 </p>
<p>
<b>类修饰符 </b>
<br>
可用的访问修饰符有 <code>public</code>、 <code>private</code> 和 <code>protected</code>。不过,一个顶级类只能有 public 和默认的访问级别。如果没有指定访问修饰符,那么这个类将具有默认访问。只有在同一包中的类可以看到具有默认访问的类。如果一个类被声明为 public,那么其他包中的类也可以访问它。 </p>
<p>让我们看看一些类的非访问修饰符的效果。 <code>final</code> 关键词(关于关键词的更多内容请参阅 <a href="j-scjp-5-3.html">Java 关键词和标识符 </a>) 不允许对类进行扩展。 <code>abstract </code> 类不能实例化,但是可以被子类扩展: </p>
<pre>
<code style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: 12">
public final class Apple {..}
class GreenApple extends Apple {} // Not allowed, compile time error
</code>
</pre>
<p>
<b>方法修饰符和变量修饰符 </b>
<br>
所有访问修饰符都可以用于类的成员。私有成员只能从类内部访问。被保护的成员只能被同一包中的类或者该类的子类访问。公有成员可以被所有其他类访问。 </p>
<p>如果没有指定访问修饰符,那么这些成员将具有默认访问,只有在同一包中的其他类可以访问它们。 </p>
<p>现在我们来探讨可以用于成员声明的其他修饰符。其中一些只能用于方法,另一些只能用于变量,如下图所示: </p>
<p>
<b>图 1. 方法和变量的修饰符 </b>
<br>
<img src="images/chater.gif">
</p>
<p>
<code>synchronized </code> 方法在某一时刻只能被一个线程访问。 <code>Transient </code> 变量不能被序列化。 <code>abstract </code> 方法不具有实现,它必须通过其包含类的第一个具体子类来实现。起码包含一个 <code>abstract </code> 方法的类必须声明为 <code>abstract</code>。不过, <code>abstract </code> 类不一定需要包含 <code>abstract </code> 方法: </p>
<pre>
<code style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: 12">
public abstract class MyAbstractClass
{
public abstract void test();
}
</code>
</pre>
<p>
<code>native</code> 修饰符表明这个方法不是用 Java 语言而是由一种本机语言编写的。 <code>strictfp</code> 关键词(关于关键词的更多内容请参阅 <a href="j-scjp-5-3.html">Java 关键词和标识符 </a>)只用于方法和类,它强制使浮点符合 IEE754 标准。变量可以声明为 <code>volatile</code>,这种情况下,线程必须在每次访问这个变量时协调字段的工作副本与主副本。 </p>
<p>
<code>Static </code> 变量被类的所有实例所共享。可以在该类根本就没有任何实例的情况下使用 <code>Static </code> 方法和变量: </p>
<pre>
<code style="font-family: Courier New, Courier, monospace; font-size: 12">
class StaticTest
{
static int i = 0;
static void getVar()
{
i++;
System.out.println(i);
}
}
class Test
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
StaticTest.getVar();
}
}
</code>
</pre>
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