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📄 软考英语精典短文每日一练(中英对照)2006年9月26日.htm

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      MB,and even 64 MB chips… <BR>The“trick”,of course,is being able to improve 
      processing skills sufficiently to allow this scaling to continue.In 
      1969,the minimum feature size(the smallest detail that can be etched into 
      a chip)was 10 microns(10×10-6 meter).By 1997,this had shrunk to 0.25 
      micron—40 times smaller! <BR>The Pentium uses a superscalar 
      architecture.This means that the chip’s capabilities go beyond those 
      achieved simply by scaling down its size.In particular,the Pentium is the 
      first microprocessor in the Intel family to support two instruction 
      pipelines,each with its own arithmetic-logic unit,address generation 
      circuitry,and data cache interface.The result is a processor that can 
      actually execute two different instructions simultaneously. <BR>In 
      1965,Gordon Moore,one of the founders of Intel,was graphing chip 
      complexity vs. time. He noticed that the number of integrated components 
      doubled every two years.Moore then boldly predicted that this doubling 
      would continue indefinitely.Remarkab1y,his prediction—now referred to as 
      Moore’s law—has held up for more than 30 years.[5] <BR>2)The Pentium MMX 
      <BR>In 1996,Intel began delivering versions of the Pentium with multimedia 
      extensions (MMXs).These processors have three architectural enhancements 
      over non-MMX processors(now renamed Pentium Classic). <BR>For general 
      applications,benchmark tests show a 10一20 percent improvement over the 
      Pentium Classic,increasing to nearly 70 percent when multimedia-specific 
      plications are considered.[6] Chips with(internal)click speeds as high as 
      233 MHz are available. <BR>Applications of MMX processors include 
      decompression of audio and video files.Indeed,software video players may 
      become a reality.Some vendors are replacing conventional modems and sound 
      cards with MMX-driven software equivalents. <BR>3)The Pentium Pro 
      <BR>Perhaps the most striking feature of the Pentium Pro is the package 
      itself.As shown in Fig. 2-1 the Pro consists of two separate silicon 
      dies.The largest is the processor;fabricated with 0.35 micron design 
      rules,it incorporates 5.5 million transistors.The smaller die beside it is 
      a 256 KB level-two cache.Oddly enough,the cache has three times as many 
      transistor,as the processor(16.5 millions),but because of its 
      uniformity,less silicon area is required.[7] Versions of the Pentium Pro 
      with a 512KB,and a 1 MB cache are also available. <BR>The Pentium Pro 
      retains all of the architectural features of the Pentium that preceded 
      it.That is,internally,all registers are 32 bits,while the external data 
      bus is 64 bits wide.Four additional address lines have been added,allowing 
      64 GB of physical memory to be accessed.From a software point of view,the 
      Pentium Pro remains 100% compatible with the previous generation of 80x86 
      processors.Three new processor instructions have been added,as well as two 
      new floating-point-unit instructions. <BR>The most touted feature of the 
      Pentium Pro is what Intel calls dynamic execution.This new approach to 
      processing software instructions that reduces idle processor time to an 
      absolute minimum. <BR>4)The Pentium II <BR>The newest member of the 80x86 
      family is the Pentium II.First made available in 1997,it is basically a 
      Pentium Pro with MMX technology. <BR>The Pentium II is made with 
      0.25-micron technology,allowing clock speeds of 300 MHz to 450 MHz.System 
      bus frequencies as high as 100 MHz are suonorted.The lower clock speeds 
      will support a 66 MHz system bus frequency.The level-two cache,which 
      operates at half the speed of the processor,stores 512 KB and has its own 
      64-bit dedicated bus.The level-one cache has been increased from 16 KB in 
      the Pentium Pro to 32 KB in the Pentium II. <BR>5)Power PC <BR>In 1975,the 
      801 minicomputer project at IBM pioneered many of the architecture 
      concepts used in RISC systems.T801,together with the Berkeley RISC I 
      processor,launched the RISC movement.The 801,however,was simply a 
      prototype intended to demonstrate design concepts. The success of the 801 
      project led IBM to develop a commercial RISC workstation product,the RT 
      PC.The RT PC,introduced in 1986,adapted the architectural concepts of the 
      801 to an actual product.The RT PC was not a commercial success,and it had 
      many rivals with comparable or better performance.In 1990,IBM produced a 
      third system,which built on the lessons of the 801 and the RT PC.[8] The 
      IBM RISC System /6000 was a RISC-like superscalar machine marketed as a 
      high-performance workstation;shortly after its introduction,IBM began to 
      refer to this as the Power architecture. <BR>For its next step,IBM entered 
      into an alliance with Motorola,developer of the 68000 series of 
      microprocessors,and Apple,which used the Motorola chip in its Macintosh 
      computers.The result is a series of machines that implement the Power PC 
      architecture. Changes were made to add key missing features and to enable 
      more efficient implementation by eliminating some instructions and 
      relaxing the specification to eliminate some troublesome special case.[9] 
      The resulting Power PC architecture is a superscalar RISC system. <BR>So 
      far,four member of the Power PC family have been introduced. 
      <BR><BR></P></DIV></TD></TR>
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      <DIV class=userInfoBox>积分:2575<BR>第二级</DIV>
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      <DIV class=TitleInfoBox align=right>发表时间:2006-9-26 8:40:07   第1楼</DIV>
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      <DIV id=cont_right style="WIDTH: 495px">NOTES <BR>[1] 
      此处package是指容纳了几个芯片的组装件。 <BR>[2] control-memory为微程序技术中的控制存储器。 <BR>[3] Power 
      PC中的Power为Performance optimized with enhanced 
      RISC即IBM第二代RISC技术。采用这种技术制作的PC机即为Power PC,又称威力电脑。 <BR>[4] 
      此处复杂性complexity是指增加电路的集成度,即integration level。 <BR>[5] 
      目前的摩尔定律已经修正为每一年半集成度翻一番。 <BR>[6] benchmark 
      test为基准测试。它使用专门设计的一组典型程序和数据,对指定配置的计算机硬件和软件进行性能评价。 <BR>[7] 
      but此处为副词,作“只是”解。原因是缓存的结构只有一种。 <BR>[8] lessons此处作教训讲。 <BR>[9] to add…and to 
      enable…为主语changes的并列补足语,by eliminating ...and relaxing…为并列的方式状语。 
      <BR><BR>KEYWORDS <BR>microprocessor 微处理器 integrated circuit(IC) 集成电路 
      <BR>microcomputer 微型计算机,微机 superscalar 超标量 <BR>chip 芯片 pipeline 流水线 
      <BR>instruction set 指令集,指令系统 Moore’s law 摩尔定律 <BR>central-memory unit 
      中央存储器 benchmark 基准 <BR>mainframe 主机 floating-point unit 浮点部件 
      <BR>supercomputer 超级计算机 prototype 原型 <BR></DIV></TD></TR>
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      <DIV align=center><A class=chinablue title=给他/她留言 
      href="http://po.csai.cn/write_shortmess.asp?func=0&amp;username=shixian" 
      target=_blank>shixian</A><BR><IMG alt=等级2 
      src="软考英语精典短文每日一练(中英对照)2006年9月26日_files/top-2.gif"><BR>
      <DIV class=userInfoBox>积分:2575<BR>第二级</DIV>
      <DIV class=userInfoBox>注册时间<BR>2006-6-12</DIV></DIV></TD>
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    vAlign=top align=left height=70>
      <DIV class=TitleInfoBox align=right>发表时间:2006-9-26 8:42:08   第2楼</DIV>
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      <DIV id=cont_right style="WIDTH: 495px">
      <P>微处理器和微计算机 
      <BR><BR>  微处理器是一种小型化处理器,其所有元件都在一块或数块集成电路内。它是半导体中央处理器(CPU),是微型计算机的主要部件。微处理器的元件常安装在一个芯片上或在同一组件内,有时也分布在几个芯片上。在具有固定指令集的微型计算机中,微处理器由算术逻辑部件和控制逻辑部件组成。在具有微程序控制的指令集的微型计算机中,它包含附加的控制-存储部件。 
      <BR>奔腾和威力个人计算机的进展 
      <BR>  这一部分简要介绍一下两个计算机系列:英特尔的奔腾和国际商用机器公司的威力个人计算机。奔腾代表几十年来在复杂指令系统计算机(CISCs)上设计的成果。它综合了以往只有在大型机和超级计算机中才用得上的先进设计原理,成为CISC设计的成功范例。威力电脑是直接从第一个RISC系统即 
      IBM 801继承下来的,是市场上基于RISC系统的设计得最好、功能最强的系统之一。 <BR>1)奔腾(Pentium) 
      <BR>  增加集成电路集成度的一个方法就是缩小芯片的尺寸。例如,若将刻蚀在硅片压模上的每条线都缩小一半,则同一个电路所占用的面积仅为原来的1/4。动态存储器芯片(DRAM)就是严格按这一规律在发展着。初期的IBM 
      PC使用16KB DRAM芯片,而且很快被64KB芯片所取代;后来采用256KB,现在常用 16MB、甚至64MB……的芯片。 
      <BR>  当然,其窍门仍然是不断改进生产工艺,使尺寸继续缩小。1969年最小“特征”尺寸(指可以光刻到硅片上的最小尺寸)为l0 
      m,到1997年已达到0. 25 m,缩小了40倍! 
      <BR>奔腾采用一种超标量体系结构。这表明这种芯片的处理能力超过了单纯减小尺寸所能得到的能力。实际上,奔腾是英特尔系列中第一个支持两条指令流水线的微处理器,每条流水线都有其自己的算术逻辑部件、地址发生电路系统和数据高速缓存接口。这样,一个处理器能同时执行两条不同的指令。 
      <BR>  1965年,戈登&#8226;摩尔,英特尔公司创始人之一,绘出了一个芯片集成度与时间的关系图,指出集成电路的元件数每两年翻一番;尔后摩尔大胆预言,这种翻番的趋势将是无期限的。出乎预料的是这一预言(现在都称为摩尔定律)已经持续了30多年。 
      <BR>2)Pentium MMX 
      <BR>  1996年,英特尔公司开始出售奔腾多媒体扩展版(MMXs)芯片。这些处理器比起非MMX处理器(现在称之为经典奔腾)在结构上有三方面的改进。 
      <BR>  对于一般应用来说,MMX的基准测试结果比经典奔腾改善性能10%~20%,而在特定的多媒体应用中,提高约70%,可用的芯片内部时钟频率高达233MHz。 
      <BR>  MMX处理器的应用包括音像文件的解压缩。实际上,软件视频播放器会成为现实。某些厂商正在用MMX驱动的软件产品取代常规的调制解调器和声卡。 
      <BR>3)Pentium Pro <BR>  Pentium Pro最显著的特性大概是它的组装本身。图2-1所示的Pentium 
      Pro包括两个单独的硅片。大的一个是处理器,是按0. 35 
      m工艺设计的,它含有550万个晶体管。旁边一个小的是256KB二级高速缓存。奇怪的是高速缓存所含有的晶体管数为处理器的3倍(165万),这是因为缓存器件具有单一性,所以占用硅面积较小。Pentium 
      Pro还有使用512KB和1MB的高速缓存版本。 <BR>  Pentium 
      Pro保持原来奔腾处理器的所有体系结构特性并有所超过。也就是内部寄存器为32位,外部数据总线为64位。另外加了4条地址线,使内存实际编址能力达到64GB。从软件上看,Pentium 
      Pro与前一代80x86处理器100%兼容。另外新增加了3条处理器指令和两条浮点部件指令。 <BR>  Pentium 
      Pro最受追捧的特性是英特尔公司称之为动态执行的功能,这一新的处理软件指令的方法将空闲的处理器时间减到最小。 <BR>4)Pentium II 
      <BR>  80x86系列的最新成员是Pentium II。1997年首次上市的Pentium II基本上是采用MMX技术的Pentium Pro。 
      <BR>  Pentium II采用0. 25 
      m技术,允许的时钟速度为300M~500MHz。系统总线频率高达100MHz。较低的时钟速率也支持66MHz系统总线频率。二级高速缓存工作速度为处理器的一半,容量为512KB,有64位专用总线。一级高速缓存从Pentium 
      Pro的16KB增加为Pentium II的32KB。 <BR>5)威力个人计算机(Power PC) <BR>  1975年,IBM 
      801小型计算机课题率先提出了许多用于RISC系统的体系结构概念。T801原与贝克利RISC 
      I处理器一起推动了RISC。801只不过是展示设计概念的一个原型,801课题的成功导致了IBM去开发商用的RISC工作站产品RT 
      PC。1986年推出的RT PC将801的体系结构概念用于一个实际产品。RT 
      PC在商业上未获成功,因为它有很多性能相当或更好的竞争对手。1990年IBM在吸取801和RT PC教训的基础上推出了第三个系统。IBM RISC 
      System / 6000是一个RISC类的超标量计算机,并以高性能工作站上市销售。此后不久IBM开始将其称为Power体系结构。 
      <BR>  接下来,IBM与摩托罗拉和苹果公司组成联盟。摩托罗拉是68000微处理器系列的开发者;苹果公司用摩托罗拉芯片生产Macintosh计算机,结果是有一系列实现Power 
      PC体系结构的机器产生。其变化是通过去掉一些指令并放宽规范以消除某些异常情况,以增加一些欠缺的功能并提高实现的效率。最终的Power 
         PC体系结构是一种超标量RISC系统。 <BR>  迄今为止威力电脑系列已推出4种产品。 <BR></P></DIV></TD></TR>
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      <DIV class=userInfoBox>积分:45<BR>第一级</DIV>
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      <DIV class=TitleInfoBox align=right>发表时间:2006-9-28 10:00:02   第3楼</DIV>
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      <DIV class=userInfoBox>积分:20<BR>第一级</DIV>
      <DIV class=userInfoBox>注册时间<BR>2006-9-6</DIV></DIV></TD>
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      <DIV class=TitleInfoBox align=right>发表时间:2006-9-28 11:55:23   第4楼</DIV>

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