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📁 C# Nuts and Bolt是学习C#的极好教程
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Subject: Miscellaneous - C# Nuts and Bolt - Beta2
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<DIV class=3DSection1>
<P class=3DMsoNormal><IMG id=3D_x0000_i1025 height=3D48=20
src=3D"http://www.vijaymukhi.com/documents/books/csadv/bpb.jpg" =
width=3D64></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond">Chapter=20
9</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: =
Garamond">Miscellaneous</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><B><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-FAMILY: =
Tahoma">Members<o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext">There are only two =
types of=20
entities that can contain members, namely, types and namespaces. These =
members=20
can be accessed using the same rules i.e. the name of an entity to be =
followed=20
by a dot '.' and then the member name to be given. This cardinal rule is =
never=20
ever broken. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext">All derived classes =
inherit every=20
member of a base class with the exception of constructors and =
destructors. This=20
rule applies to private members also. Regardless of inheriting all the =
members,=20
the base class members may/may not be accessible to the derived class =
members.=20
Thus, the access modifiers have nothing to contribute to inheritance. In =
other=20
words, the rules of inheritance ignore the access=20
modifiers.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext">If a namespace is not =
specified=20
for a member, it belongs to a default namespace called the global =
namespace.=20
Like it or not, all members are part and parcel of a namespace. They =
cannot=20
exist out of a namespace under any circumstance. It makes logical sense =
creating=20
our own namespaces thereby avoiding the unnecessary clutter in the =
global=20
namespace with the members we create.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext">The word int is an =
alias for=20
System.Int32. A variable of type int is internally known as =
System.Int32. The=20
basic types like int are internally not known by their name but =
something else=20
that is entirely different.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCprg><U>a.cs</U><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public class zzz <o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public static void Main()<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>System.Type t =3D typeof(int);<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>System.Console.WriteLine(t.FullName);<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCoutput><U>Output</U><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCoutput>System.Int32<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext">The above example =
reconfirms the=20
point we enumerated a little earlier. The compiler does not understand =
an int as=20
a data type but knows all about a structure called System.Int32 instead. =
When we=20
coached you earlier about the compiler understanding about data types =
like int=20
at birth, what we truly meant was that there exists structures in the =
System=20
namespace relating to these datatypes. The compiler is informed well in =
advance=20
about the one-to-one connection between the alias name and their =
structures.=20
When we get some time on our hand, we will list out and explain all the =
members=20
of this structure. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext">To explain the above =
example, we=20
use a keyword typeof, which accepts the name of a class or structure. =
This=20
returns an object that looks like Type. The Type object consists of =
methods and=20
properties that publish everything you ever wanted to know about a type =
but were=20
afraid to ask. We are only using one member called FullName to prove our =

hypothesis. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCprg><U>a.cs</U><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>class zzz<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public static void<SPAN style=3D"mso-spacerun: =
yes">&nbsp;=20
</SPAN>Main()<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>string yyy =3D "hell";<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>string s =3D yyy;<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>System.Type t =3D typeof(yyy);<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>System.Console.WriteLine(s);<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>System.Console.WriteLine(t);<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>class yyy<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCoutput><U>Output</U><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCoutput>hell<o:p></o:p></P>
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