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Subject: Nested Classes - C# Nuts and Bolt - Beta2
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<BODY lang=3DEN-US style=3D"tab-interval: .5in">
<DIV class=3DSection1>
<P class=3DMsoNormal><IMG id=3D_x0000_i1025 height=3D48=20
src=3D"http://www.vijaymukhi.com/documents/books/csadv/bpb.jpg" =
width=3D64></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 15pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond">Chapter=20
8</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DMsoNormal><SPAN=20
style=3D"FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Garamond">Nested=20
Classes</SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext">Nested classes are =
classes=20
created within existing classes. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCprg><U>a.cs</U><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public class zzz<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>class yyy<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public static void Main()<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext">A simple example is =
shown above=20
where class yyy is created within class zzz. <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCprg><U>a.cs</U><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public class zzz<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public static void Main()<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>xxx x =3D new xxx();<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>class yyy<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>class xxx<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCoutput><U>Compiler Error</U><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCoutput>a.cs(5,1): error CS0246: The type or namespace name =
'xxx' could=20
not be found (are you missing a using directive or an assembly=20
reference?)<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext">We are not allowed to =
use the=20
class xxx directly as it exists inside yyy and has no permanent =
existence at all=20
by itself. We cannot even define an object that looks like=20
xxx.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCprg><U>a.cs</U><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public class zzz<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public static void Main()<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>yyy.xxx a =3D new yyy.xxx();<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public class yyy<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public xxx abc()<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>return new xxx();<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public class xxx<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext">The actual name of =
class xxx is=20
yyy.xxx as it is nested within the class yyy.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCprg><U>a.cs</U><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public class zzz<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public static void Main()<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>yyy.xxx a =3D new yyy.xxx();<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>System.Console.WriteLine(a.i);<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public class yyy<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public xxx abc()<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>return new xxx();<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public class xxx<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public static int i =3D 10; <o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCoutput><U>Compiler Error</U><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCoutput>a.cs(7,26): error CS0176: Static member 'yyy.xxx.i' =
cannot be=20
accessed with an instance reference; use typename instead<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext">The member i is =
static, hence we=20
need the name of the class and not name of object.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCprg><U>a.cs</U><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public class zzz {<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public static void Main() {<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>yyy.xxx a =3D new yyy.xxx();<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>System.Console.WriteLine(yyy.xxx.i);<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public class yyy<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public xxx abc()<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>return new xxx();<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public class xxx<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>{<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public static int i =3D 10; <o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>}<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCoutput><U>Output</U><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCoutput>10<o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext">Static members work =
the same way=20
everywhere. No instance name required, only the name of class or=20
classes.<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCbase><SPAN style=3D"COLOR: windowtext"><![if =
!supportEmptyParas]><![endif]>&nbsp;<o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=3DCprg><U>a.cs</U><o:p></o:p></P>
<P class=3DCprg>public class zzz<o:p></o:p></P>
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