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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"><html><head><meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"><link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="style.css"><!-- Generated by The Open Group's rhtm tool v1.2.1 --><!-- Copyright (c) 2001-2004 IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights Reserved --><title>Introduction</title></head><body bgcolor="white"><script type="text/javascript" language="JavaScript" src="../jscript/codes.js"></script><basefont size="3"> <!--header start--><center><font size="2">The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6<br>IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition<br>Copyright © 2001-2004 The IEEE and The Open Group, All Rights reserved.</font></center><!--header end--><hr size="2" noshade><h2><a name="tag_01"> 1. </a>Introduction</h2><h3><a name="tag_01_01"> 1.1 </a>Scope</h3><p>IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 defines a standard operating system interface and environment, including a command interpreter(or "shell"), and common utility programs to support applications portability at the source code level. It is intended to be usedby both applications developers and system implementors.</p><p>IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 comprises four major components (each in an associated volume):</p><ol><li><p>General terms, concepts, and interfaces common to all volumes of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001, including utility conventionsand C-language header definitions, are included in the Base Definitions volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001.</p></li><li><p>Definitions for system service functions and subroutines, language-specific system services for the C programming language,function issues, including portability, error handling, and error recovery, are included in the System Interfaces volume ofIEEE Std 1003.1-2001.</p></li><li><p>Definitions for a standard source code-level interface to command interpretation services (a "shell") and common utilityprograms for application programs are included in the Shell and Utilities volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001.</p></li><li><p>Extended rationale that did not fit well into the rest of the document structure, containing historical information concerningthe contents of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 and why features were included or discarded by the standard developers, is includedin the Rationale (Informative) volume of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001.</p></li></ol><p>The following areas are outside of the scope of IEEE Std 1003.1-2001:</p><ul><li><p>Graphics interfaces</p></li><li><p>Database management system interfaces</p></li><li><p>Record I/O considerations</p></li><li><p>Object or binary code portability</p></li><li><p>System configuration and resource availability</p></li></ul><p>IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 describes the external characteristics and facilities that are of importance to applicationsdevelopers, rather than the internal construction techniques employed to achieve these capabilities. Special emphasis is placed onthose functions and facilities that are needed in a wide variety of commercial applications.</p><p>The facilities provided in IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 are drawn from the following base documents:</p><ul><li><p>IEEE Std 1003.1-1996 (POSIX-1) (incorporating IEEE Stds 1003.1-1990, 1003.1b-1993, 1003.1c-1995, and 1003.1i-1995)</p></li><li><p>The following amendments to the POSIX.1-1990 standard:</p><ul><li><p>IEEE P1003.1a draft standard (Additional System Services)</p></li><li><p>IEEE Std 1003.1d-1999 (Additional Realtime Extensions)</p></li><li><p>IEEE Std 1003.1g-2000 (Protocol-Independent Interfaces (PII))</p></li><li><p>IEEE Std 1003.1j-2000 (Advanced Realtime Extensions)</p></li><li><p>IEEE Std 1003.1q-2000 (Tracing)</p></li></ul></li><li><p>IEEE Std 1003.2-1992 (POSIX-2) (includes IEEE Std 1003.2a-1992)</p></li><li><p>The following amendments to the ISO POSIX-2:1993 standard:</p><ul><li><p>IEEE P1003.2b draft standard (Additional Utilities)</p></li><li><p>IEEE Std 1003.2d-1994 (Batch Environment)</p></li></ul></li><li><p>Open Group Technical Standard, February 1997, System Interface Definitions, Issue 5 (XBD5) (ISBN: 1-85912-186-1, C605)</p></li><li><p>Open Group Technical Standard, February 1997, Commands and Utilities, Issue 5 (XCU5) (ISBN: 1-85912-191-8, C604)</p></li><li><p>Open Group Technical Standard, February 1997, System Interfaces and Headers, Issue 5 (XSH5) (in 2 Volumes)(ISBN: 1-85912-181-0, C606) <basefont size="2"></p><dl><dt><b>Note:</b></dt><dd>XBD5, XCU5, and XSH5 are collectively referred to as the <i>Base Specifications</i>.</dd></dl><basefont size="3"></li><li><p>Open Group Technical Standard, January 2000, Networking Services, Issue 5.2 (XNS5.2) (ISBN: 1-85912-241-8, C808)</p></li><li><p>ISO/IEC 9899:1999, Programming Languages - C.</p></li></ul><p>IEEE Std 1003.1-2001 uses the Base Specifications as its organizational basis and adds the following additionalfunctionality to them, drawn from the base documents above:</p><ul><li><p>Normative text from the ISO POSIX-1:1996 standard and the ISO POSIX-2:1993 standard not included in the BaseSpecifications</p></li><li><p>The amendments to the POSIX.1-1990 standard and the ISO POSIX-2:1993 standard listed above, except for parts ofIEEE Std 1003.1g-2000</p></li><li><p>Portability Considerations</p></li><li><p>Additional rationale and notes</p></li></ul><p>The following features, marked legacy or obsolescent in the base documents, are not carried forward intoIEEE Std 1003.1-2001. Other features from the base documents marked legacy or obsolescent are carried forward unlessotherwise noted.</p><p>From XSH5, the following legacy interfaces, headers, and external variables are not carried forward:</p><blockquote><i>advance</i>(), <i>brk</i>(), <i>chroot</i>(), <i>compile</i>(), <i>cuserid</i>(), <i>gamma</i>(),<i>getdtablesize</i>(), <i>getpagesize</i>(), <i>getpass</i>(), <i>getw</i>(), <i>putw</i>(), <i>re_comp</i>(), <i>re_exec</i>(),<i>regcmp</i>(), <a href="../functions/regex.html"><i>regex</i>()</a>, <i>sbrk</i>(), <i>sigstack</i>(), <i>step</i>(), <a href="../functions/ttyslot.html"><i>ttyslot</i>()</a>, <a href="../functions/valloc.html"><i>valloc</i>()</a>, <i>wait3</i>(),<i><re_comp.h></i>, <i><regexp.h></i>, <i><varargs.h></i>, <i>loc1</i>, <i>__loc1</i>, <i>loc2</i>,<i>locs</i></blockquote><p>From XCU5, the following legacy utilities are not carried forward:</p><blockquote><i>calendar</i>, <i>cancel</i>, <i>cc</i>, <i>col</i>, <i>cpio</i>, <i>cu</i>, <i>dircmp</i>, <i>dis</i>, <i>egrep</i>,<i>fgrep</i>, <i>line</i>, <i>lint</i>, <i>lpstat</i>, <i>mail</i>, <i>pack</i>, <i>pcat</i>, <i>pg</i>, <i>spell</i>, <i>sum</i>,<i>tar</i>, <i>unpack</i>, <i>uulog</i>, <i>uuname</i>, <i>uupick</i>, <i>uuto</i></blockquote><p>In addition, legacy features within non-legacy reference pages (for example, headers) are not carried forward.</p><p>From the ISO POSIX-1:1996 standard, the following obsolescent features are not carried forward:</p><blockquote>Page 112, CLK_TCK<br>Page 197 <a href="../functions/tcgetattr.html"><i>tcgetattr</i>()</a> rate returned option</blockquote><p>From the ISO POSIX-2:1993 standard, obsolescent features within the following pages are not carried forward:</p><blockquote>Page 75, zero-length prefix within <i>PATH</i><br>Page 156, 159 <a href="../utilities/set.html"><i>set</i></a><br>Page 178, <a href="../utilities/awk.html"><i>awk</i></a>, use of no argument and no parentheses with length<br>Page 259, <a href="../utilities/ed.html"><i>ed</i></a><br>Page 272, <a href="../utilities/env.html"><i>env</i></a><br>Page 282, <a href="../utilities/find.html"><i>find</i></a> <b>-perm</b>[ <b>-</b>] <i>onum</i><br>Page 295-296, <i>egrep</i><br>Page 299-300, <a href="../utilities/head.html"><i>head</i></a><br>Page 305-306, <a href="../utilities/join.html"><i>join</i></a><br>Page 309-310, <a href="../utilities/kill.html"><i>kill</i></a><br>Page 431-433, 435-436, <a href="../utilities/sort.html"><i>sort</i></a><br>Page 444-445, <a href="../utilities/tail.html"><i>tail</i></a><br>Page 453, 455-456, <a href="../utilities/touch.html"><i>touch</i></a><br>Page 464-465, <a href="../utilities/tty.html"><i>tty</i></a><br>Page 472, <a href="../utilities/uniq.html"><i>uniq</i></a><br>Page 515-516, <a href="../utilities/ex.html"><i>ex</i></a><br>Page 542-543, <a href="../utilities/expand.html"><i>expand</i></a><br>Page 563-565, <a href="../utilities/more.html"><i>more</i></a><br>Page 574-576, <a href="../utilities/newgrp.html"><i>newgrp</i></a><br>Page 578, <a href="../utilities/nice.html"><i>nice</i></a><br>Page 594-596, <a href="../utilities/renice.html"><i>renice</i></a><br>Page 597-598, <a href="../utilities/split.html"><i>split</i></a><br>Page 600-601, <a href="../utilities/strings.html"><i>strings</i></a><br>Page 624-625, <a href="../utilities/vi.html"><i>vi</i></a><br>Page 693, <a href="../utilities/lex.html"><i>lex</i></a></blockquote>⌨️ 快捷键说明
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