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从www.CppReference.com打包的C++参考手册

    string::npos if nothing is found.</li>
  </ul>

  <div class="related-name-format">
    Related topics:
  </div>

  <div class="related-content">
    <a href="find.html">find</a><br>
    <a href="find_first_not_of.html">find_first_not_of</a><br>
    <a href="find_last_not_of.html">find_last_not_of</a><br>
    <a href="find_last_of.html">find_last_of</a><br>
    <a href="rfind.html">rfind</a>
  </div>
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<hr>

  <div class="name-format">
    find_last_not_of
  </div>

  <div class="syntax-name-format">
    Syntax:
  </div>
  <pre class="syntax-box">
  #include &lt;string&gt;
  <strong>size_type</strong> find_last_not_of( const string&amp; str, <strong>size_type</strong> index = npos );
  <strong>size_type</strong> find_last_not_of( const char* str, <strong>size_type</strong> index = npos);
  <strong>size_type</strong> find_last_not_of( const char* str, <strong>size_type</strong> index, <strong>size_type</strong> num );
  <strong>size_type</strong> find_last_not_of( char ch, <strong>size_type</strong> index = npos );
</pre>

  <p>The find_last_not_of() function either:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>returns the index of the last character within the current
    string that does not match any character in <em>str</em>, doing a
    reverse search from <em>index</em>, string::npos if nothing is
    found,</li>

    <li>does a reverse search in the current string, beginning at
    <em>index</em>, for any character that does not match the first
    <em>num</em> characters in <em>str</em>, returning the index in
    the current string of the first character found that meets this
    criteria, otherwise returning string::npos,</li>

    <li>or returns the index of the last occurrence of a character
    that does not match <em>ch</em> in the current string, doing a
    reverse search from <em>index</em>, string::npos if nothing is
    found.</li>
  </ul>

  <p>For example, the following code searches for the last
  non-lower-case character in a mixed string of characters:</p>
  <pre class="example-code">
  string lower_case = &quot;abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz&quot;;
  string str = &quot;abcdefgABCDEFGhijklmnop&quot;;
  cout &lt;&lt; &quot;last non-lower-case letter in str at: &quot; &lt;&lt; str.find_last_not_of(lower_case) &lt;&lt; endl;              
</pre>

  <p>This code displays the following output:</p>
  <pre class="example-code">
  last non-lower-case letter in str at: 13               
</pre>

  <div class="related-name-format">
    Related topics:
  </div>

  <div class="related-content">
    <a href="find.html">find</a><br>
    <a href="find_first_not_of.html">find_first_not_of</a><br>
    <a href="find_first_of.html">find_first_of</a><br>
    <a href="find_last_of.html">find_last_of</a><br>
    <a href="rfind.html">rfind</a>
  </div>
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</body></html>
<hr>

  <div class="name-format">
    find_last_of
  </div>

  <div class="syntax-name-format">
    Syntax:
  </div>
  <pre class="syntax-box">
  #include &lt;string&gt;
  <strong>size_type</strong> find_last_of( const string&amp; str, <strong>size_type</strong> index = npos );
  <strong>size_type</strong> find_last_of( const char* str, <strong>size_type</strong> index = npos );
  <strong>size_type</strong> find_last_of( const char* str, <strong>size_type</strong> index, <strong>size_type</strong> num );
  <strong>size_type</strong> find_last_of( char ch, <strong>size_type</strong> index = npos );
</pre>

  <p>The find_last_of() function either:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>does a reverse search from <em>index</em>, returning the index
    of the first character within the current string that matches any
    character in <em>str</em>, or string::npos if nothing is found,</li>

    <li>does a reverse search in the current string, beginning at
    <em>index</em>, for any of the first <em>num</em> characters in
    <em>str</em>, returning the index in the current string of the
    first character found, or string::npos if no characters
    match,</li>

    <li>or does a reverse search from <em>index</em>, returning the
    index of the first occurrence of <em>ch</em> in the current
    string, string::npos if nothing is found.</li> </ul>

  <div class="related-name-format">
    Related topics:
  </div>

  <div class="related-content">
    <a href="find.html">find</a><br>
    <a href="find_first_not_of.html">find_first_not_of</a><br>
    <a href="find_first_of.html">find_first_of</a><br>
    <a href="find_last_not_of.html">find_last_not_of</a><br>
    <a href="rfind.html">rfind</a>
  </div>
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<hr>

  <div class="name-format">
    getline
  </div>

  <div class="syntax-name-format">
    Syntax:
  </div>
  <pre class="syntax-box">
  #include &lt;string&gt;
  istream&amp; getline( istream&amp; is, string&amp; s, char delimiter = &#39;\n&#39; );
</pre>

  <p>The C++ string class defines the global function getline() to read
  strings from an I/O stream. The getline() function, which is not
  part of the string class, reads a line from <em>is</em> and stores it
  into <em>s</em>. If a character <em>delimiter</em> is specified, then
  getline() will use <em>delimiter</em> to decide when to stop reading
  data.</p>

  <p>For example, the following code reads a line of text from
  <strong>stdin</strong> and displays it to
  <strong>stdout</strong>:</p>
  <pre class="example-code">
 string s;
 getline( cin, s );
 cout &lt;&lt; &quot;You entered &quot; &lt;&lt; s &lt;&lt; endl;
</pre>

  <p>After getting a line of data in a string, you may find that <a
  href="../cppsstream/index.html">string streams</a> are useful in extracting
  data from that string.  For example, the following code reads
  numbers from standard input, ignoring any "commented" lines that
  begin with double slashes:</p>

  <pre class="example-code">
  // expects either space-delimited numbers or lines that start with
  // two forward slashes (//)
  string s;
  while( getline(cin,s) ) {
    if( s.size() >= 2 && s[0] == '/' && s[1] == '/' ) {
      cout << "  ignoring comment: " << s << endl;
    } else {
      istringstream ss(s);
      double d;
      while( ss >> d ) {
        cout << "  got a number: " << d << endl;
      }
    }
  }
</pre>

  <p>When run with a user supplying input, the above code might
  produce this output:</p>

  <pre class="example-code">
  // test
    ignoring comment: // test
  23.3 -1 3.14159
    got a number: 23.3
    got a number: -1
    got a number: 3.14159
  // next batch
    ignoring comment: // next batch
  1 2 3 4 5
    got a number: 1
    got a number: 2
    got a number: 3
    got a number: 4
    got a number: 5
  50
    got a number: 50
</pre>

  <div class="related-name-format">
    Related topics:
  </div>

  <div class="related-content">
    (C++ I/O) <a href="../cppio/get.html">get</a><br>
    (C++ I/O) <a href="../cppio/getline.html">getline</a><br>
    <a href="../cppsstream/index.html">string streams</a>
  </div>
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<hr>

  <div class="name-format">
    insert
  </div>

  <div class="syntax-name-format">
    Syntax:
  </div>
  <pre class="syntax-box">
  #include &lt;string&gt;
  iterator insert( iterator i, const char&amp; ch );
  string&amp; insert( <strong>size_type</strong> index, const string&amp; str );
  string&amp; insert( <strong>size_type</strong> index, const char* str );
  string&amp; insert( <strong>size_type</strong> index1, const string&amp; str, <strong>size_type</strong> index2, <strong>size_type</strong> num );
  string&amp; insert( <strong>size_type</strong> index, const char* str, <strong>size_type</strong> num );
  string&amp; insert( <strong>size_type</strong> index, <strong>size_type</strong> num, char ch );
  void insert( iterator i, <strong>size_type</strong> num, const char&amp; ch );
  void insert( iterator i, iterator start, iterator end );
</pre>

  <p>The very multi-purpose insert() function either:</p>

  <ul>
    <li>inserts <em>ch</em> before the character denoted by
    <em>i</em>,</li>

    <li>inserts <em>str</em> into the current string, at location
    <em>index</em>,</li>

    <li>inserts a substring of <em>str</em> (starting at
    <em>index2</em> and <em>num</em> characters long) into the current
    string, at location <em>index1</em>,</li>

    <li>inserts <em>num</em> characters of <em>str</em> into the
    current string, at location <em>index</em>,</li>

    <li>inserts <em>num</em> copies of <em>ch</em> into the current
    string, at location <em>index</em>,</li>

    <li>inserts <em>num</em> copies of <em>ch</em> into the current
    string, before the character denoted by <em>i</em>,</li>

    <li>or inserts the characters denoted by <em>start</em> and
    <em>end</em> into the current string, before the character
    specified by <em>i</em>.</li>
  </ul>

  <div class="related-name-format">
    Related topics:
  </div>

  <div class="related-content">
    <a href="erase.html">erase</a><br>
    <a href="replace.html">replace</a>
  </div>
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  </table>
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<hr>

  <div class="name-format">
    length
  </div>

  <div class="syntax-name-format">
    Syntax:
  </div>
  <pre class="syntax-box">
  #include &lt;string&gt;
  <strong>size_type</strong> length() const;
</pre>
  <pre class="example-code">
The length() function returns the number of elements in the current string, performing the same role as the <a href="size.html">size</a>() function.            
</pre>

  <div class="related-name-format">
    Related topics:
  </div>

  <div class="related-content">
    <a href="size.html">size</a>
  </div>
  </div>
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  </table>
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<hr>

  <div class="name-format">
    max_size
  </div>

  <div class="syntax-name-format">
    Syntax:
  </div>
  <pre class="syntax-box">
  #include &lt;string&gt;
  <strong>size_type</strong> max_size() const;
</pre>

  <p>The max_size() function returns the maximum number of elements
  that the string can hold. The max_size() function should not be
  confused with the <a href="size.html">size</a>() or <a href=
  "capacity.html">capacity</a>() functions, which return the number of
  elements currently in the string and the the number of elements that
  the string will be able to hold before more memory will have to be
  allocated, respectively.</p>

  <div class="related-name-format">
    Related topics:
  </div>

  <div class="related-content">
    <a href="size.html">size</a>
  </div>
  </div>
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  </table>
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<hr>

  <div class="name-format">
    push_back
  </div>

  <div class="syntax-name-format">
    Syntax:
  </div>
  <pre class="syntax-box">
  #include &lt;string&gt;
  void push_back( const <a href=
"../containers.html">TYPE</a>&amp; val );
</pre>

  <p>The push_back() function appends <em>val</em> to the end of the
  string.</p>

  <p>For example, the following code puts 10 integers into a list:</p>
  <pre class="example-code">
   list&lt;int&gt; the_list;
   for( int i = 0; i &lt; 10; i++ )
     the_list.push_back( i );           
</pre>

  <p>When displayed, the resulting list would look like this:</p>
  <pre class="example-code">
 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9            
</pre>

  <p>push_back() runs in <a href="../complexity.html">constant
  time</a>.</p>

  <div class="related-name-format">
    Related topics:
  </div>

  <div class="related-content">
    (C++ Lists) <a href="../cpplist/assign.html">assign</a><br>
    (C++ Lists) <a href="../cpplist/insert.html">insert</a><br>
    (C++ Lists) <a href="../cpplist/pop_back.html">pop_back</a><br>
    (C++ Lists) <a href="../cpplist/push_front.html">push_front</a>
  </div>
  </div>
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  </table>
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<hr>

  <div class="name-format">
    rbegin
  </div>

  <div class="syntax-name-format">
    Syntax:
  </div>
  <pre class="syntax-box">
  #include &lt;string&gt;
  <a href="../iterators.html">reverse_iterator</a> rbegin();
  const_<a href=
"../iterators.html">reverse_iterator</a> rbegin() const;
</pre>

  <p>The rbegin() function returns a <a href=
  "../iterators.html">reverse_iterator</a> to the end of the current
  string.</p>

  <p>rbegin() runs in <a href="../complexity.html">constant
  time</a>.</p>

  <div class="related-name-format">
    Related topics:
  </div>

  <div class="related-content">
    <a href="begin.html">begin</a><br>
    <a href="end.html">end</a><br>
    <a href="rend.html">rend</a>
  </div>
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<hr>

  <div class="name-format">
    rend
  </div>

  <div class="syntax-name-format">
    Syntax:
  </div>
  <pre class="syntax-box">
  #include &lt;string&gt;
  <a href="../iterators.html">reverse_iterator</a> rend();
  const_<a href="../iterators.html">reverse_iterator</a> rend() const;
</pre>

  <p>The function rend() returns a <a href=
  "../iterators.html">reverse_iterator</a> to the beginning of the
  current string.</p>

  <p>rend() runs in <a href="../complexity.html">constant time</a>.</p>

  <div class="related-name-format">
    Related topics:
  </div>

  <div class="related-content">
    <a href="begin.html">begin</a><br>
    <a href="end.html">end</a><br>
    <a href="rbegin.html">rbegin</a>
  </div>
  </div>
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  </table>
</body></html>
<hr>

  <div class="name-format">
    replace
  </div>

  <div class="syntax-name-format">
    Syntax:
  </div>
  <pre class="syntax-box">
  #include &lt;string&gt;
  string&amp; replace( <strong>size_type</strong> index, <strong>size_type</strong> num, const string&amp; str );