ch52_08.htm

the unix power tools

> command, you
may need to install a new version from the GNU <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>fileutils</EM
> package.
The <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>-p</EM
> option is used by the installation and build scripts.</P
></LI
></UL
><P
CLASS="para"
>And if all else fails, you can try to delve into the source code
itself.
That brings us to our next section ...</P
></DIV
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><H3
CLASS="sect2"
><A
CLASS="title"
NAME="UPT-ART-3840-SECT-1.2"
>52.8.2 Compiling Source Code </A
></H3
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-63404"
></A
>Compiling programs from source 
doesn't require you to be a C programmer, just that you understand
the general procedure and that you have some common sense and luck.</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-63407"
></A
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-63410"
></A
>Almost all UNIX binary programs are written in the C language.
These programs are written in text files&nbsp;- the text files are referred
to as the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>source code</EM
>-and then converted to
binary files using a <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>compiler</EM
>.
The typical compiler 
on a UNIX system is called <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>cc</EM
>.</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-63416"
></A
>Although most people call <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>cc</EM
> a &quot;compiler,&quot; it's really
a front-end program.
Unless you tell it not to, <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>cc</EM
> first runs a <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>preprocessor</EM
>.
Next it runs the compiler.
Then it runs the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>linker/loader</EM
>
to make the actual executable file.
We'll gloss over that in this article and just say that &quot;<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>cc</EM
> does it.&quot;</P
><P
CLASS="para"
>On top of <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>cc</EM
>, there's usually another front-end: almost all 
programs are designed to be compiled using the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>make</EM
> program.</P
><P
CLASS="para"
>Although we can't prepare you for everything you might need to
know to compile programs from the CD-ROM for your platform, 
this section should at least give you an idea of how it's
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>supposed</EM
> to work.</P
><DIV
CLASS="sect3"
><H4
CLASS="sect3"
><A
CLASS="title"
NAME="UPT-ART-3840-SECT-1.2.1"
>52.8.2.1 Copying the Sources </A
></H4
><P
CLASS="para"
>Before you can actually compile the sources, you
need to copy the sources to your local hard disk.
You can't just compile the sources directly from the CD-ROM because
the CD-ROM is read-only.</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-63432"
></A
>The first thing you need to do is to decide where you want to
install the sources, and then <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>cd</EM
> to that directory. For
example, I like to build sources in a subdirectory of my home directory.
Let's suppose I want to install the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>pcal</EM
> program.
I create the new directory and then <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>cd</EM
> there:</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><TABLE
CLASS="screen.co"
BORDER="1"
><TR
><TH
VALIGN="TOP"
><PRE
CLASS="calloutlist"
>
<A
CLASS="co"
HREF="ch14_11.htm"
TITLE="14.11 Finding (Anyone's) Home Directory, Quickly "
>~</A
> &#13;</PRE
></TH
><TD
VALIGN="TOP"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>
% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>mkdir ~/pcal_src</B
></CODE
>
% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>cd ~/pcal_src</B
></CODE
></PRE
></TD
></TR
></TABLE
></P
><P
CLASS="para"
>&#13;For installing the sources onto your local hard disk, the CD-ROM
has a script called <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>source.pt</EM
>.
Assuming that the CD-ROM is mounted on <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>/cdrom</EM
>, the script
can be called using one of the following commands:</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>/cdrom/SOURCE.PT\;1 </B
></CODE
><CODE
CLASS="replaceable"
><I
>package-name</I
></CODE
>
% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>/cdrom/SOURCE.PT </B
></CODE
><CODE
CLASS="replaceable"
><I
>package-name</I
></CODE
>
% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>/cdrom/source.pt\;1 </B
></CODE
><CODE
CLASS="replaceable"
><I
>package-name</I
></CODE
>
% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>/cdrom/source.pt </B
></CODE
><CODE
CLASS="replaceable"
><I
>package-name</I
></CODE
></PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><P
CLASS="para"
>Where <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>package-name</EM
> is the name of the package that you
want to install sources for. To get a listing of the files,
call <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>source.pt</EM
> without any arguments:</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>% source.pt<A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-63460"
></A
>
SOURCE script provided by Ready-to-Run Software, Inc.
Copyright 1997 Ready-to-Run Software, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Assuming CDROM is mounted at /archive/cdrom/
Usage: /archive/cdrom/SOURCE.PT &lt;package
Available packages are:

     !              80cols         Clear          _emacs_ml      _enter_csh
     _enter_sh      _exit_csh      _exit_sh       addup          age_files
     ascii          awf            bash           behead         bkedit
     bsdtar         bsplit         cal_today      calen          catsaway
     center         cgrep          cgrep_sed      checksed       chmod_edit
     chunksort      cleanup        cleanup_sed    cls            cols
     count_it       count_types    cpmod          crontab        crush
     csh_init       csh_logout     cvtbase        date-month     del
     delete         diff           dir_path       dirtop         doublespace
     ediff          elookfor       emacs          exrc           fgrep
     fileutils      find           findcmd        findtext       flip
     fmt_sh         formprog       ftpfile        gawk           getmac
     getopt         glimpse        grabchars      grep           groff
     gzip           head           hey            hgrep          index
     ipl            ispell         jot            lensort        less
     lf             lndir          logerrs        longlines      look
     lookfor        ls_today       make_print     manindex       motd_diff
     namesort       netpbm         nextday        no_run         nom
     offset         oldlinks       opttest        paircheck      patch
     pcal           perl5          phone          pipegrep       pstext
     psutils        pushin         qcsh           qsubst         qterm
     rcs            rcsegrep_fast  rcsgrep        rcsrevs        recomment
     redo           relink         ren            rename         rot
     runsed         runtime        sc             screen         screensize
     script_tidy    search_el      sedman         sh_init        sh_logout
     sharutils      shellutils     showmatch      sl             sls
     smiley         squoze         stat           stree          stripper
     su             tar            tcap           tcsh           termtest
     textutils      tgrep          tknew          tm             tpipe
     tputinit       triplespace    twin           vgrep          vis
     vtree          watchq         whereiz        which          wordfreq
     xgrep          xtail          zap            zloop          zmore
     zvi</PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><P
CLASS="para"
>(Note that all the packages on the CD-ROM are listed here,
shell scripts as well as C sources.)</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-63464"
></A
>In my case, I want to install <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>pcal</EM
>, so I run the following command:</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>/cdrom/source.pt pcal</B
></CODE
>
SOURCE script provided by Ready-to-Run Software, Inc.
Copyright 1993 Ready-to-Run Software, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Copied /POWER_TOOLS/SOURCES/PCAL/PCAL_43.Z to pcal-4.3.tar.Z
Copied /POWER_TOOLS/SOURCES/PCAL/RS6000/PCAL to RS6000patch.pcal
Copied /POWER_TOOLS/SOURCES/PCAL/RTR/PCAL to rtrpatch.pcal
3 files copied successfully.</PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><P
CLASS="para"
>The <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>source.pt</EM
> script copies all the relevant files 
into your current directory.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect3"
><H4
CLASS="sect3"
><A
CLASS="title"
NAME="UPT-ART-3840-SECT-1.2.2"
>52.8.2.2 Uncompressing the Sources </A
></H4
><P
CLASS="para"
>If you now list the directory, you'll find the files that were
just copied there.  </P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>ls</B
></CODE
>
RS6000patch.pcal        pcal-4.3.tar.Z          rtrpatch.pcal</PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><P
CLASS="para"
>The file called <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>pcal-4.3.tar.Z</EM
> is the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>pcal</EM
>
source package, in a tarred and compressed form.
The <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>.Z</EM
>
suffix tells you that the file was compressed using the 
<SPAN
CLASS="link"
><EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>compress</EM
> (<A
CLASS="linkend"
HREF="ch24_07.htm"
TITLE="Compressing Files to Save Space "
>24.7</A
>)</SPAN
>
command.
You need to run <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>uncompress</EM
> first:</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>uncompress pcal-4.3.tar.Z</B
></CODE
></PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-63490"
></A
>If you don't have the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>uncompress</EM
> command, use <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>gunzip</EM
>.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect3"
><H4
CLASS="sect3"
><A
CLASS="title"
NAME="UPT-ART-3840-SECT-1.2.3"
>52.8.2.3 Untarring the Sources </A
></H4
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-63497"
></A
>After you have uncompressed the file, you'll see the file without
the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>.Z</EM
> suffix. </P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>ls</B
></CODE
>
RS6000patch.pcal        pcal-4.3.tar            rtrpatch.pcal</PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-63504"
></A
>The <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>.tar</EM
> suffix to the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>pcal-4.3.tar</EM
> file means
that the file was packed using the 
<SPAN
CLASS="link"
><EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>tar</EM
> command (<A
CLASS="linkend"
HREF="ch19_05.htm"
TITLE="Using tar to Create and Unpack Archives "
>19.5</A
>)</SPAN
>.
Again, if you don't have <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>tar</EM
>, it's on the CD-ROM.</P
><P
CLASS="para"
>To unpack the file, use <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>tar</EM
> with the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>-x</EM
> option
for &quot;extract&quot; and the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>-f</EM
> option to specify a filename.
(I also like to use <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>-v</EM
> for verbose output.)
My command line
might read:</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>tar xvf pcal-4.3.tar</B
></CODE
>
x pcal-4.3/ReadMe, 7673 bytes, 15 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/Descrip.mms, 3713 bytes, 8 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/Make_Pcal.com, 3090 bytes, 7 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/Makefile, 1159 bytes, 3 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/Makefile.Amiga, 1010 bytes, 2 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/Makefile.DOS, 1023 bytes, 2 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/Makefile.VMS, 2505 bytes, 5 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/Orig.ReadMe, 984 bytes, 2 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/Pcal.TEX, 28199 bytes, 56 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/Pcal.hlp, 29099 bytes, 57 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/SetUp.com, 670 bytes, 2 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/VaxCrtl.opt, 31 bytes, 1 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/calendar, 12101 bytes, 24 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/exprpars.c, 8538 bytes, 17 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/moon91, 2828 bytes, 6 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/moon92, 2887 bytes, 6 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/pcal.c, 46440 bytes, 91 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/noprotos.h, 2530 bytes, 5 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/pcalglob.h, 4551 bytes, 9 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/pcalinit.c, 4071 bytes, 8 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/protos.h, 4341 bytes, 9 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/moonphas.c, 17817 bytes, 35 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/troffman.sty, 4894 bytes, 10 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/writefil.c, 24597 bytes, 49 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/pcal.man, 25296 bytes, 50 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/pcaldefs.h, 17643 bytes, 35 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/pcalinit.ps, 14297 bytes, 28 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/pcalutil.c, 21238 bytes, 42 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/pcallang.h, 35465 bytes, 70 tape blocks
x pcal-4.3/readfile.c, 32888 bytes, 65 tape blocks</PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><P
CLASS="para"
><EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>tar</EM
> creates a subdirectory called <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>pcal-4.3</EM
>.
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>cd</EM
>
to this directory to continue your build.</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>cd pcal-4.3</B
></CODE
></PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><P
CLASS="para"
>Note that if you have the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>zcat</EM
> command, 
you might have combined the steps for uncompressing and
untarring the files into a single command line, as shown
in article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch19_07.htm"
TITLE="Extracting Files from a Compressed Archive "
>19.7</A
>:</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>zcat pcal-4.3.tar.Z | tar xvf -</B
></CODE
></PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><P
CLASS="para"
>If you are on a System V-based system, you may have to use <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>tar</EM
>
with the
<SPAN
CLASS="link"
><EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>-o</EM
> option (<A
CLASS="linkend"
HREF="ch19_07.htm"
TITLE="Extracting Files from a Compressed Archive "
>19.7</A
>)</SPAN
>
to make sure that you get ownership of the files.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect3"
><H4
CLASS="sect3"
><A
CLASS="title"
NAME="UPT-ART-3840-SECT-1.2.4"
>52.8.2.4 Unsharring the Sources </A
></H4
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-63539"
></A
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-63541"
></A
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-63543"
></A
>Before we go on, let's back up a bit.
Some packages aren't
stored as <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>tar</EM
> archives, but as 
<SPAN
CLASS="link"
><EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>shar</EM
> archives (<A
CLASS="linkend"
HREF="ch19_02.htm"
TITLE="Introduction to Shell Archives "
>19.2</A
>)</SPAN
>.
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>shar</EM
> archives are generally distributed in multiple
files, under names such as <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>part01.Z</EM
>, <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>part02.Z</EM
>, etc.
The <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>qterm</EM
> source package is an example of a package
that is distributed as <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>shar</EM
> files.     </P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>mkdir ~/qterm_src</B
></CODE
>
% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>cd ~/qterm_src</B
></CODE
>
% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>/cdrom/source.pt qterm</B
></CODE
>
% /archive/cdrom/SOURCE.PT qterm
SOURCE script provided by Ready-to-Run Software, Inc.
Copyright 1997 Ready-to-Run Software, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Assuming CDROM is mounted at /archive/cdrom/
Copied /archive/cdrom//SOURCES/QTERM/PART01.Z to part01.Z
Copied /archive/cdrom//SOURCES/QTERM/PART02.Z to part02.Z
Copied /archive/cdrom//SOURCES/QTERM/RS6000/QTERM to RS6000patch.qterm
Copied /archive/cdrom//SOURCES/QTERM/I386/QTERM to i386patch.qterm
Copied /archive/cdrom//SOURCES/QTERM/SUN4C/QTERM to sun4cpatch.qterm
Copied /archive/cdrom//SOURCES/QTERM/HP700/QTERM to hp700patch.qterm
Copied /archive/cdrom//SOURCES/QTERM/LINUX/QTERM to linuxpatch.qterm
Copied /archive/cdrom//SOURCES/QTERM/SSOL2/QTERM to SSol2patch.qterm
Copied /archive/cdrom//SOURCES/QTERM/RTR/QTERM to rtrpatch.qterm
9 file(s) copied successfully.</PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-63559"
></A
>To extract the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>qterm</EM
> sources, uncompress the &quot;part&quot; files
and then use the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>unshar</EM
> program to unpack them.  </P
><P
CLASS="para"
><TABLE
CLASS="screen.co"
BORDER="1"
><TR
><TH
VALIGN="TOP"
><PRE
CLASS="calloutlist"
>
<A
CLASS="co"
HREF="ch01_16.htm"
TITLE="1.16 Wildcards "
>?</A
> 






















&#13;</PRE
></TH
><TD
VALIGN="TOP"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>
% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B