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<HTML><!--Distributed by F --><HEAD><TITLE>[Chapter 43] 43.7 Quick-and-Dirty Formatting Before Printing </TITLE><METANAME="DC.title"CONTENT="UNIX Power Tools"><METANAME="DC.creator"CONTENT="Jerry Peek, Tim O'Reilly & Mike Loukides"><METANAME="DC.publisher"CONTENT="O'Reilly & Associates, Inc."><METANAME="DC.date"CONTENT="1998-10-23T15:51:46Z"><METANAME="DC.type"CONTENT="Text.Monograph"><METANAME="DC.format"CONTENT="text/html"SCHEME="MIME"><METANAME="DC.source"CONTENT="1-56592-260-3"SCHEME="ISBN"><METANAME="DC.language"CONTENT="en-US"><METANAME="generator"CONTENT="Jade 1.1/O'Reilly DocBook 3.0 to HTML 4.0"><LINKREV="made"HREF="mailto:online-books@oreilly.com"TITLE="Online Books Comments"><LINKREL="up"HREF="ch43_01.htm"TITLE="43. Printing"><LINKREL="prev"HREF="ch43_06.htm"TITLE="43.6 Printing to a Terminal Printer "><LINKREL="next"HREF="ch43_08.htm"TITLE="43.8 Fixing Margins with pr and fold "></HEAD><BODYBGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"TEXT="#000000"><DIVCLASS="htmlnav"><H1><IMGSRC="gifs/smbanner.gif"ALT="UNIX Power Tools"USEMAP="#srchmap"BORDER="0"></H1><MAPNAME="srchmap"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="0,0,466,58"HREF="index.htm"ALT="UNIX Power Tools"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="467,0,514,18"HREF="jobjects/fsearch.htm"ALT="Search this book"></MAP><TABLEWIDTH="515"BORDER="0"CELLSPACING="0"CELLPADDING="0"><TR><TDALIGN="LEFT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch43_06.htm"TITLE="43.6 Printing to a Terminal Printer "><IMGSRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"SRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"ALT="Previous: 43.6 Printing to a Terminal Printer "BORDER="0"></A></TD><TDALIGN="CENTER"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="171"><B><FONTFACE="ARIEL,HELVETICA,HELV,SANSERIF"SIZE="-1">Chapter 43<BR>Printing</FONT></B></TD><TDALIGN="RIGHT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch43_08.htm"TITLE="43.8 Fixing Margins with pr and fold "><IMGSRC="gifs/txtnexta.gif"SRC="gifs/txtnexta.gif"ALT="Next: 43.8 Fixing Margins with pr and fold "BORDER="0"></A></TD></TR></TABLE> <HRALIGN="LEFT"WIDTH="515"TITLE="footer"></DIV><DIVCLASS="SECT1"><H2CLASS="sect1"><ACLASS="title"NAME="UPT-ART-6290">43.7 Quick-and-Dirty Formatting Before Printing </A></H2><PCLASS="para"><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-47763"></A><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-47766"></A><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-47768"></A><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-47771"></A><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-47774"></A><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-47777"></A>The <SPANCLASS="link">line printer spooler (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch43_02.htm"TITLE="Introduction to Printing on UNIX ">43.2</A>)</SPAN>prints what you send it. If you send it a continuous stream of text(and the printer is set up to print text files rather thanPostScript), that's just what you'll probably get: no page breaks, indenting,or other formatting features.</P><PCLASS="para">That's where <EMCLASS="emphasis">pr</EM> comes in. It's a simple formatter that breaksits input into "pages" that will fit onto a standard 66-line page.(Well, US standard anyway.) It adds a header that automaticallyincludes the date and time, the file name, and a page number.It also adds a footer that ensures that text doesn't run off the bottomof the page.</P><PCLASS="para">This is just what you want if you are sending program source code orother streams of unbroken text to a printer. For that matter,<EMCLASS="emphasis">pr</EM> is often very handy for sending text to your screen.In addition to its default behavior, it has quite a few usefuloptions:</P><DLCLASS="variablelist"><DTCLASS="term"><BCLASS="emphasis.bold">-f</B></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Separate pages using formfeed character (^L) instead of a series of blank lines.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><BCLASS="emphasis.bold">-h</B><EMCLASS="emphasis">str</EM></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Replace default header with string <EMCLASS="emphasis">str</EM>.See article<ACLASS="xref"HREF="ch35_17.htm"TITLE="Making Text in Columns with pr ">35.17</A>.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><BCLASS="emphasis.bold">-l</B><EMCLASS="emphasis">n</EM></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Set page length to <EMCLASS="emphasis">n</EM> (default is 66).</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><BCLASS="emphasis.bold">-m</B></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Merge files, printing one in each column (can't be used with <EMCLASS="emphasis">-num</EM> and <EMCLASS="emphasis">-a</EM>).Text is chopped to fit.See article<ACLASS="xref"HREF="ch35_17.htm"TITLE="Making Text in Columns with pr ">35.17</A>.This is a poor man's<SPANCLASS="link"><EMCLASS="emphasis">paste</EM> (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch35_18.htm"TITLE="Pasting Things in Columns ">35.18</A>)</SPAN>.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><BCLASS="emphasis.bold">-s</B><EMCLASS="emphasis">c</EM></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Separate columns with <EMCLASS="emphasis">c</EM> (default is a tab).</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><BCLASS="emphasis.bold">-t</B></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Omit the page header and trailing blank lines.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><BCLASS="emphasis.bold">-w</B><EMCLASS="emphasis">num</EM></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Set line width for output made into columns to <EMCLASS="emphasis">num</EM> (default is 72).</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><BCLASS="emphasis.bold">+</B><EMCLASS="emphasis">num</EM></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Begin printing at page <EMCLASS="emphasis">num</EM> (default is 1).</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><BCLASS="emphasis.bold">-</B><EMCLASS="emphasis">n</EM></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Produce output having <EMCLASS="emphasis">n</EM> columns (default is 1).See article<ACLASS="xref"HREF="ch35_17.htm"TITLE="Making Text in Columns with pr ">35.17</A>.</P></DD></DL><PCLASS="para">There are also options that apply only to the System V version:</P><DLCLASS="variablelist"><DTCLASS="term"><BCLASS="emphasis.bold">-a</B></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Multi-column format; list items in rows going across.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><BCLASS="emphasis.bold">-d</B></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Double-spaced format.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><BCLASS="emphasis.bold">-e</B><EMCLASS="emphasis">cn</EM></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Set input tabs to every <EMCLASS="emphasis">n</EM>th position (default is 8), and use <EMCLASS="emphasis">c</EM>as field delimiter (default is a tab).</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><BCLASS="emphasis.bold">-F</B></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Fold input lines (avoids truncation by <EMCLASS="emphasis">-a</EM> or <EMCLASS="emphasis">-m</EM>).</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><BCLASS="emphasis.bold">-i</B><EMCLASS="emphasis">cn</EM></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">For output, replace white space with fielddelimiter <EMCLASS="emphasis">c</EM> (default is a tab) every <EMCLASS="emphasis">n</EM>th position (defaultis 8).</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><BCLASS="emphasis.bold">-n</B><EMCLASS="emphasis">cn</EM></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Number lines with numbers <EMCLASS="emphasis">n</EM> digits in length (default is 5), followed by field separator <EMCLASS="emphasis">c</EM> (default is a tab).See also <EMCLASS="emphasis">nl</EM>.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><BCLASS="emphasis.bold">-o</B><EMCLASS="emphasis">n</EM></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Offset each line <EMCLASS="emphasis">n</EM> spaces (default is 0).</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><BCLASS="emphasis.bold">-p</B></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Pause before each page.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><BCLASS="emphasis.bold">-r</B></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Suppress messages for files that can't be found.</P></DD></DL><PCLASS="para">Let's put this all together with a couple of examples:</P><ULCLASS="itemizedlist"><LICLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Print a side-by-side list, omitting heading and extra lines:</P><PCLASS="para"><BLOCKQUOTECLASS="screen"><PRECLASS="screen"><CODECLASS="userinput"><B>pr -m -t list.1 list.2 list.3</B></CODE></PRE></BLOCKQUOTE></P><PCLASS="para"></P></LI><LICLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Alphabetize a list of states; number the lines in five columns.First, with the System V options:</P><PCLASS="para"><BLOCKQUOTECLASS="screen"><PRECLASS="screen"><CODECLASS="userinput"><B>sort states_50 | pr -n -5</B></CODE></PRE></BLOCKQUOTE></P><PCLASS="para">On a BSD system, which doesn't support <EMCLASS="emphasis">-n</EM>, you can use<SPANCLASS="link"><EMCLASS="emphasis">cat -n</EM> (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch25_21.htm"TITLE="Numbering Lines ">25.21</A>)</SPAN>to supply the line numbers:</P><PCLASS="para"><BLOCKQUOTECLASS="screen"><PRECLASS="screen"><CODECLASS="userinput"><B>sort states_50 | cat -n | pr -5</B></CODE></PRE></BLOCKQUOTE></P><PCLASS="para">To get output on BSD that's identical to System V, you'll needto set a column length:</P><PCLASS="para"><BLOCKQUOTECLASS="screen"><PRECLASS="screen"><CODECLASS="userinput"><B>sort states_50 | cat -n | pr -t -5 - | 10 | pr -h states_50</B></CODE></PRE></BLOCKQUOTE></P></LI></UL><DIVCLASS="sect1info"><PCLASS="SECT1INFO">- <SPANCLASS="authorinitials">TOR</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV><DIVCLASS="htmlnav"><P></P><HRALIGN="LEFT"WIDTH="515"TITLE="footer"><TABLEWIDTH="515"BORDER="0"CELLSPACING="0"CELLPADDING="0"><TR><TDALIGN="LEFT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch43_06.htm"TITLE="43.6 Printing to a Terminal Printer "><IMGSRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"SRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"ALT="Previous: 43.6 Printing to a Terminal Printer "BORDER="0"></A></TD><TDALIGN="CENTER"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="171"><ACLASS="book"HREF="index.htm"TITLE="UNIX Power Tools"><IMGSRC="gifs/txthome.gif"SRC="gifs/txthome.gif"ALT="UNIX Power Tools"BORDER="0"></A></TD><TDALIGN="RIGHT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch43_08.htm"TITLE="43.8 Fixing Margins with pr and fold "><IMGSRC="gifs/txtnexta.gif"SRC="gifs/txtnexta.gif"ALT="Next: 43.8 Fixing Margins with pr and fold "BORDER="0"></A></TD></TR><TR><TDALIGN="LEFT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172">43.6 Printing to a Terminal Printer </TD><TDALIGN="CENTER"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="171"><ACLASS="index"HREF="index/idx_0.htm"TITLE="Book Index"><IMGSRC="gifs/index.gif"SRC="gifs/index.gif"ALT="Book Index"BORDER="0"></A></TD><TDALIGN="RIGHT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172">43.8 Fixing Margins with pr and fold </TD></TR></TABLE><HRALIGN="LEFT"WIDTH="515"TITLE="footer"><IMGSRC="gifs/smnavbar.gif"SRC="gifs/smnavbar.gif"USEMAP="#map"BORDER="0"ALT="The UNIX CD Bookshelf Navigation"><MAPNAME="map"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="0,0,73,21"HREF="../index.htm"ALT="The UNIX CD Bookshelf"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="74,0,163,21"HREF="index.htm"ALT="UNIX Power Tools"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="164,0,257,21"HREF="../unixnut/index.htm"ALT="UNIX in a Nutshell"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="258,0,321,21"HREF="../vi/index.htm"ALT="Learning the vi Editor"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="322,0,378,21"HREF="../sedawk/index.htm"ALT="sed & awk"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="379,0,438,21"HREF="../ksh/index.htm"ALT="Learning the Korn Shell"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="439,0,514,21"HREF="../lrnunix/index.htm"ALT="Learning the UNIX Operating System"></MAP></DIV></BODY></HTML>⌨️ 快捷键说明
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