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<HTML><!--Distributed by F --><HEAD><TITLE>[Chapter 25] 25.4 The "less" Pager: More than "more"</TITLE><METANAME="DC.title"CONTENT="UNIX Power Tools"><METANAME="DC.creator"CONTENT="Jerry Peek, Tim O'Reilly & Mike Loukides"><METANAME="DC.publisher"CONTENT="O'Reilly & Associates, Inc."><METANAME="DC.date"CONTENT="1998-08-04T21:43:08Z"><METANAME="DC.type"CONTENT="Text.Monograph"><METANAME="DC.format"CONTENT="text/html"SCHEME="MIME"><METANAME="DC.source"CONTENT="1-56592-260-3"SCHEME="ISBN"><METANAME="DC.language"CONTENT="en-US"><METANAME="generator"CONTENT="Jade 1.1/O'Reilly DocBook 3.0 to HTML 4.0"><LINKREV="made"HREF="mailto:online-books@oreilly.com"TITLE="Online Books Comments"><LINKREL="up"HREF="ch25_01.htm"TITLE="25. Showing What's in a File"><LINKREL="prev"HREF="ch25_03.htm"TITLE="25.3 Using more to Page Through Files "><LINKREL="next"HREF="ch25_05.htm"TITLE="25.5 Page Through Compressed, RCS, Unprintable Files "></HEAD><BODYBGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"TEXT="#000000"><DIVCLASS="htmlnav"><H1><IMGSRC="gifs/smbanner.gif"ALT="UNIX Power Tools"USEMAP="#srchmap"BORDER="0"></H1><MAPNAME="srchmap"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="0,0,466,58"HREF="index.htm"ALT="UNIX Power Tools"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="467,0,514,18"HREF="jobjects/fsearch.htm"ALT="Search this book"></MAP><TABLEWIDTH="515"BORDER="0"CELLSPACING="0"CELLPADDING="0"><TR><TDALIGN="LEFT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch25_03.htm"TITLE="25.3 Using more to Page Through Files "><IMGSRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"SRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"ALT="Previous: 25.3 Using more to Page Through Files "BORDER="0"></A></TD><TDALIGN="CENTER"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="171"><B><FONTFACE="ARIEL,HELVETICA,HELV,SANSERIF"SIZE="-1">Chapter 25<BR>Showing What's in a File</FONT></B></TD><TDALIGN="RIGHT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch25_05.htm"TITLE="25.5 Page Through Compressed, RCS, Unprintable Files "><IMGSRC="gifs/txtnexta.gif"SRC="gifs/txtnexta.gif"ALT="Next: 25.5 Page Through Compressed, RCS, Unprintable Files "BORDER="0"></A></TD></TR></TABLE> <HRALIGN="LEFT"WIDTH="515"TITLE="footer"></DIV><DIVCLASS="SECT1"><H2CLASS="sect1"><ACLASS="title"NAME="UPT-ART-0050">25.4 The "less" Pager: More than "more"</A></H2><TABLECLASS="para.programreference"BORDER="1"><TR><THVALIGN="TOP"><ACLASS="programreference"HREF="examples/index.htm"TITLE="less">less</A><BR></TH><TDVALIGN="TOP"><EMCLASS="emphasis">less</EM> is one of those classic file-listing programs, like<EMCLASS="emphasis">list</EM> on MS-DOS, that does so much you never realized you needed todo.It does so much more than<SPANCLASS="link"><EMCLASS="emphasis">more</EM> (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch25_03.htm"TITLE="Using more to Page Through Files ">25.3</A>)</SPAN>,and does it so much better, that it's one of the first programs I port to a newcomputer.If I tried to cover all the features, this article would be ten pageslong.Luckily, <EMCLASS="emphasis">less</EM> comes with online help (type <CODECLASS="literal">h</CODE>) and acomprehensive manual page, which is stored with the software on thedisc.</TD></TR></TABLE><PCLASS="para">Some of the features and advantages:</P><ULCLASS="itemizedlist"><LICLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">No relearning: <EMCLASS="emphasis">less</EM> does the right thing when you use <EMCLASS="emphasis">more</EM>,<SPANCLASS="link"><EMCLASS="emphasis">vi</EM> (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch30_02.htm"TITLE="What We Cover ">30.2</A>)</SPAN>,or<SPANCLASS="link"><EMCLASS="emphasis">emacs</EM> (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch32_01.htm#UPT-ART-5540"TITLE="Emacs: The Other Editor ">32.1</A>)</SPAN>file-browsing commands.</P></LI><LICLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">While reading from<SPANCLASS="link">pipes (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch01_03.htm"TITLE="Programs Are Designed to Work Together ">1.3</A>)</SPAN>,<EMCLASS="emphasis">less</EM> can redraw the screen and read previous pages.</P></LI><LICLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Lots of ways to move to certain parts of the file: by line number,percentage, screen, with a search.Can mark and return to lines.</P></LI><LICLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">For programmers: handles<SPANCLASS="link">nonstandard tabstops (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch41_04.htm"TITLE="How UNIX Handles TAB Characters ">41.4</A>)</SPAN>.Finds matching braces and parentheses.</P></LI><LICLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">An incredible number of screen-control settings and options to makethe screen look like you want it, including position after searches.Customizable prompt to give you the information you want.</P></LI></UL><PCLASS="para"><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-27364"></A><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-27366"></A><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-27368"></A>The <EMCLASS="emphasis">lesskey</EM> program (which is included with the <EMCLASS="emphasis">less</EM>distribution on the disc) lets you make custom key definitions.You can store your favorite setup options in the <EMCLASS="emphasis">LESS</EM><SPANCLASS="link">environment variable (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch06_01.htm#UPT-ART-1170"TITLE="What Environment Variables Are Good For ">6.1</A>)</SPAN>.</P><DIVCLASS="sect1info"><PCLASS="SECT1INFO">- <SPANCLASS="authorinitials">JP</SPAN>, <SPANCLASS="authorinitials">TOR</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV><DIVCLASS="htmlnav"><P></P><HRALIGN="LEFT"WIDTH="515"TITLE="footer"><TABLEWIDTH="515"BORDER="0"CELLSPACING="0"CELLPADDING="0"><TR><TDALIGN="LEFT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch25_03.htm"TITLE="25.3 Using more to Page Through Files "><IMGSRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"SRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"ALT="Previous: 25.3 Using more to Page Through Files "BORDER="0"></A></TD><TDALIGN="CENTER"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="171"><ACLASS="book"HREF="index.htm"TITLE="UNIX Power Tools"><IMGSRC="gifs/txthome.gif"SRC="gifs/txthome.gif"ALT="UNIX Power 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