ch52_04.htm

the unix power tools

>lr</EM
>.
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch16_07.htm"
TITLE="ls Shortcuts: ll, lf, lg, etc. "
>16.7</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>lndir</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61664"
></A
>
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>lndir</EM
> is a safe way to duplicate a directory 
structure elsewhere on the filesystem.
It's necessary because a <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>cd</EM
> into a straight symbolic link actually
changes to the directory pointed to by the link, which can be confusing or
even dangerous if the link is in a sensitive area of the filesystem.  
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>lndir</EM
> recursively re-creates
a directory structure, making symbolic links to all the files in the
directory.
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch18_07.htm"
TITLE="Linking Directories "
>18.7</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>logerrs, Version 1.0 *</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61674"
></A
>
The <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>logerrs</EM
> script sends errors to a log file as well 
as to standard error.  
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch13_16.htm"
TITLE="Store and Show Errors with logerrs "
>13.16</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>longlines *</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61682"
></A
>
The <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>longlines</EM
> file contains several lines with 200 columns of
text.
You can use this file to test whether line wrapping is working
correctly, or to adjust windows to a particular size,
with:</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>cat longlines</PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><P
CLASS="para"
>Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch42_06.htm"
TITLE="Screen Size Testing Files "
>42.6</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>look</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61693"
></A
>
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>look</EM
> is a fairly fast, fairly portable version of <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>look</EM
>. 
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch27_18.htm"
TITLE='Fast Searches and Spelling Checks with  "look&quot;'
>27.18</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>lookfor *</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61702"
></A
>
The <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>lookfor</EM
> script finds all files in the given directory tree
that contain the given string(s).  
Article 
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch17_21.htm"
TITLE="lookfor: Which File Has that Word? "
>17.21</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>ls_today *</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61710"
></A
>
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>ls_today</EM
> is a shell script to print the names of files
that have been created or edited today.
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch16_18.htm"
TITLE="Listing Files You've Created/Edited Today "
>16.18</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>make_print *</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61718"
></A
>
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>make_print</EM
> is an example Makefile 
for printing a series of files that have changed.
It is meant to be renamed <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>makefile</EM
> or <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>Makefile</EM
> and run
with <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>make</EM
>.
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch21_09.htm"
TITLE="Keep File Printouts Up-to-Date Automatically with make"
>21.9</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>manindex *</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61729"
></A
>
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>manindex</EM
> simulates the behavior of the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>apropos</EM
> command
found on many systems.
It generates an index that you can later
search using the following alias:</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>alias apropos &quot;grep -i /!$ <CODE
CLASS="replaceable"
><I
>indexfile</I
></CODE
>&quot;</PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><P
CLASS="para"
>Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch50_03.htm"
TITLE="apropos on Systems Without apropos "
>50.3</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>motd.diff *</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61742"
></A
>
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>motd.diff</EM
> is a shell script to be called from your <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>.login</EM
>
file.
It only displays lines in the message-of-the-day that have
changed since the previous login.
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch02_14.htm"
TITLE="motd.diff: Show New Lines in Login Messages"
>2.14</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>namesort *</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61751"
></A
>
The <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>namesort</EM
> program sorts a list of names by the last name.
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch36_09.htm"
TITLE="Sorting a List of People by Last Name "
>36.9</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>netpbm, Version 1mar94</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61759"
></A
>
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>netpbm</EM
> is the latest version of <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>pbmplus</EM
>, the
Extended Portable Bitmap Toolkit.
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>netpbm</EM
> converts various image formats to and from
portable formats, and therefore to and from one another.  
In addition to the converters, the package includes some simple tools
for manipulating the portable formats.
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch43_25.htm"
TITLE="The Portable Bitmap Package "
>43.25</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>nextday *</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61769"
></A
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61771"
></A
>
The <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>nextday</EM
> shell script returns the name of
the next day of the week, to supply to the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>at</EM
> command.
It can also be linked to the name <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>nextweekday</EM
>, in which
case the next weekday is returned (for example, on Friday 
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>nextweekday</EM
> will return <CODE
CLASS="literal"
>Monday</CODE
>).
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch40_10.htm"
TITLE="nextday, nextweekday: Tomorrow or Next Weekday "
>40.10</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>no_run *</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61783"
></A
>
The <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>no_run</EM
> file contains an example of a shell script that 
you can enter into your private <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>$HOME/bin</EM
> directory and link to the names
of programs that you might not want to run on some systems.
It's
meant for use on a network where you have the same home
directory on several machines of different architectures.  
After editing the script, you can link it to the names of the
commands that are run differently (or not at all) on some systems.
Of course, the directory that you install and link the scripts
in (such as <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>$HOME/bin</EM
>) must be in your path before any 
system-wide executables.
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch08_08.htm"
TITLE="A Directory for Commands You Shouldn't Run "
>8.8</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>nom *</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61793"
></A
>
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>nom</EM
> (&quot;no match&quot;) supplies the names of the files in the current directory
that <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>don't</EM
> match the given shell wildcards.
For example, to
edit all files in the current directory that don't end in <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>.o</EM
>,
try:</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>vi `nom *.o`</PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><P
CLASS="para"
>Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch15_09.htm"
TITLE="nom: List Files that Don't Match a Wildcard "
>15.9</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>offset *</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61806"
></A
>
The <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>offset</EM
> shell script indents text for printing or other uses.
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch35_07.htm"
TITLE="offset: Indent Text "
>35.7</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>oldlinks *</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61814"
></A
>
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>oldlinks</EM
> is a shell script that prints the names of &quot;stale&quot;
symbolic links.
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch16_28.htm"
TITLE="oldlinks: Find Unconnected Symbolic Links "
>16.28</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>opttest *</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61822"
></A
>
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>opttest</EM
> is a shell script for parsing <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>getopt</EM
> output.
It's
meant to demonstrate <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>getopt</EM
>'s behavior.
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch44_18.htm"
TITLE="Standard Command-Line Parsing "
>44.18</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>paircheck *</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61832"
></A
>
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>paircheck</EM
> is an example script for making sure that
strings in a file have matching counterparts.
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>paircheck</EM
>
checks that each <CODE
CLASS="literal"
>.TS</CODE
> in a given <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>troff</EM
> file has a
corresponding <CODE
CLASS="literal"
>.TE</CODE
>; but it's easy to modify to check other
kinds of pairs. 
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch29_09.htm"
TITLE="Looking for Closure "
>29.9</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>patch, Version 2.1</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61844"
></A
>
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>patch</EM
> is Larry Wall's program for distributing source patches to
files.
By using <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>diff</EM
> files (generally &quot;context&quot; <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>diff</EM
>s), 
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>patch</EM
> can
intelligently apply patches to a file even if modifications have been
made to the source in the meantime.
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>patch</EM
> is used extensively to
communicate source changes throughout the world.
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch33_09.htm"
TITLE="patch: Generalized Updating of Files that Differ "
>33.9</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>pcal, Version 4.3</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61856"
></A
>
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>pcal</EM
> generates PostScript to produce landscape or 
portrait calendars for any month and year.
By default, <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>pcal</EM
> simply prints an empty calendar.  
Its real power is in its
ability to place &quot;events&quot; in appropriate days on the calendar, thus
allowing the user to create personalized calendars.  
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch48_09.htm"
TITLE="PostScript Calendars with pcal "
>48.9</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>perl, Version 5</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61865"
></A
>
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>perl</EM
> (Practical Extraction and Report Language) is an
interpreted language optimized for scanning arbitrary text files,
extracting information from those text files, and printing reports
based on that information. It has exceptionally powerful string, file,
and system routines to quickly create almost any utility. An added
debugger makes <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>perl</EM
> an attractive alternative to <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>awk</EM
> or
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>gawk</EM
>. <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>perl</EM
> 5 is a new and improved version of <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>perl</EM
> 4.
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch37_05.htm"
TITLE="And Now, Perl 5 "
>37.5</A
>
tells some of what's new.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>phone *</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61878"
></A
>
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>phone</EM
> is a shell script that displays lines in a file
called <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>phone</EM
>,
matching the given string to standard output.
It is also linked
to the name <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>address</EM
>, in which case it returns matching lines in a
file named <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>address</EM
> to <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>stdout</EM
>.
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch48_02.htm"
TITLE="Online Phone and Address Lists "
>48.2</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>pipegrep *</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61890"
></A
>
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>pipegrep</EM
> searches through the output of a series of commands,
printing the command that produced each line of output.
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch27_13.htm"
TITLE="More grep-like Programs Written in Perl "
>27.13</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>pstext</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61898"
></A
>
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>pstext</EM
> is a utility for converting text files to PostScript
files&nbsp;- usually for a PostScript printer.
It includes options for printing &quot;landscape&quot; mode, for 
specifying a font, and for specifying a point size.  
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch43_22.htm"
TITLE="Converting Text Files to PostScript "
>43.22</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>psutils, Version 1.17</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-61906"
></A
>
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>psutils</EM
> is a collection of utilities for manipulating 
PostScript documents: rearranging pages, printing only some pages, and
so on.
Articles
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch43_23.htm"
TITLE="psselect: Print Some Pages from a PostScript file"
>43.23</A
>
and
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch43_24.htm"
TITLE="Other PostScript Utilities "
>43.24</A
>.</P
></DD
><DT
CLASS="term"
>pushin *</DT
><DD
CLASS="listitem"
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"