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<HTML><!--Distributed by F --><HEAD><TITLE>[Chapter 15] 15.2 Filename Wildcards in a Nutshell </TITLE><METANAME="DC.title"CONTENT="UNIX Power Tools"><METANAME="DC.creator"CONTENT="Jerry Peek, Tim O'Reilly & Mike Loukides"><METANAME="DC.publisher"CONTENT="O'Reilly & Associates, Inc."><METANAME="DC.date"CONTENT="1998-08-04T21:37:20Z"><METANAME="DC.type"CONTENT="Text.Monograph"><METANAME="DC.format"CONTENT="text/html"SCHEME="MIME"><METANAME="DC.source"CONTENT="1-56592-260-3"SCHEME="ISBN"><METANAME="DC.language"CONTENT="en-US"><METANAME="generator"CONTENT="Jade 1.1/O'Reilly DocBook 3.0 to HTML 4.0"><LINKREV="made"HREF="mailto:online-books@oreilly.com"TITLE="Online Books Comments"><LINKREL="up"HREF="ch15_01.htm"TITLE="15. Wildcards"><LINKREL="prev"HREF="ch15_01.htm"TITLE="15.1 File Naming Wildcards "><LINKREL="next"HREF="ch15_03.htm"TITLE="15.3 Adding { } Operators to Korn (and Bourne) Shells "></HEAD><BODYBGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"TEXT="#000000"><DIVCLASS="htmlnav"><H1><IMGSRC="gifs/smbanner.gif"ALT="UNIX Power Tools"USEMAP="#srchmap"BORDER="0"></H1><MAPNAME="srchmap"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="0,0,466,58"HREF="index.htm"ALT="UNIX Power Tools"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="467,0,514,18"HREF="jobjects/fsearch.htm"ALT="Search this book"></MAP><TABLEWIDTH="515"BORDER="0"CELLSPACING="0"CELLPADDING="0"><TR><TDALIGN="LEFT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch15_01.htm"TITLE="15.1 File Naming Wildcards "><IMGSRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"SRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"ALT="Previous: 15.1 File Naming Wildcards "BORDER="0"></A></TD><TDALIGN="CENTER"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="171"><B><FONTFACE="ARIEL,HELVETICA,HELV,SANSERIF"SIZE="-1">Chapter 15<BR>Wildcards</FONT></B></TD><TDALIGN="RIGHT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch15_03.htm"TITLE="15.3 Adding { } Operators to Korn (and Bourne) Shells "><IMGSRC="gifs/txtnexta.gif"SRC="gifs/txtnexta.gif"ALT="Next: 15.3 Adding { } Operators to Korn (and Bourne) Shells "BORDER="0"></A></TD></TR></TABLE> <HRALIGN="LEFT"WIDTH="515"TITLE="footer"></DIV><DIVCLASS="SECT1"><H2CLASS="sect1"><ACLASS="title"NAME="UPT-ART-7270">15.2 Filename Wildcards in a Nutshell </A></H2><PCLASS="para">This section summarizes the wildcards that are used forfilename expansion.The shells use the same basic wildcards, though <EMCLASS="emphasis">csh</EM>, <EMCLASS="emphasis">tcsh</EM>,<EMCLASS="emphasis">ksh</EM>, and <EMCLASS="emphasis">bash</EM> have some extensions.Unless otherwise noted, assume that wildcardsare valid for all shells.</P><DLCLASS="variablelist"><DTCLASS="term"><CODECLASS="literal">*</CODE></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Match zero or more characters. For example, <CODECLASS="literal">a*</CODE> matches the files<ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-16069"></A><EMCLASS="emphasis">a</EM>, <EMCLASS="emphasis">ab</EM>, <EMCLASS="emphasis">abc</EM>, <EMCLASS="emphasis">abc.d</EM>, and so on.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><CODECLASS="literal">?</CODE></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para"><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-16081"></A>Match exactly one character. For example, <CODECLASS="literal">a?</CODE> matches<EMCLASS="emphasis">aa</EM>, <EMCLASS="emphasis">ab</EM>, <EMCLASS="emphasis">ac</EM>, etc.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><CODECLASS="literal">[12..a..z]</CODE></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para"><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-16093"></A>Match any character listed in the brackets. For example,<CODECLASS="literal">a[ab]</CODE> matches <EMCLASS="emphasis">aa</EM> or <EMCLASS="emphasis">ab</EM>.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><CODECLASS="literal">[a-z]</CODE></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Match all characters between a and z. For example, <CODECLASS="literal">a[0-9]</CODE> matches <EMCLASS="emphasis">a0</EM>, <EMCLASS="emphasis">a1</EM>, and so on, up to <EMCLASS="emphasis">a9</EM>.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><CODECLASS="literal">[!ab..z]</CODE></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para"><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-16113"></A>Match any character that does <EMCLASS="emphasis">not</EM> appear within the brackets.For example, <CODECLASS="literal">a[!0-9]</CODE> doesn't match <EMCLASS="emphasis">a0</EM>, but does match <EMCLASS="emphasis">aa</EM>.<EMCLASS="emphasis">bash</EM>, Korn, and newer Bourne shells only.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><CODECLASS="literal">[^ab..z]</CODE></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Match any character that does <EMCLASS="emphasis">not</EM> appear within the brackets.For example, <CODECLASS="literal">a[^0-9]</CODE> doesn't match <EMCLASS="emphasis">a0</EM>, but does match <EMCLASS="emphasis">aa</EM>.<EMCLASS="emphasis">tcsh</EM> only.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><CODECLASS="literal">{word1,word2...}</CODE></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para"><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-16136"></A>Match <EMCLASS="emphasis">word1</EM>, <EMCLASS="emphasis">word2</EM>, etc.E.g., <CODECLASS="literal">a_{dog,cat,horse}</CODE> matchesthe filenames <EMCLASS="emphasis">a_dog</EM>, <EMCLASS="emphasis">a_cat</EM>, and <EMCLASS="emphasis">a_horse</EM>.<EMCLASS="emphasis">bash</EM> and C shells only.<SPANCLASS="link">These (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch09_05.htm"TITLE="Build Strings with { } ">9.5</A>)</SPAN>actually aren't filename-matching wildcards.They expand <EMCLASS="emphasis">any</EM> string, including filenames that don't exist yet,email addresses, and more.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><CODECLASS="literal">?(abc)</CODE></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Match zero or one instance of <EMCLASS="emphasis">abc</EM>.For example, <CODECLASS="literal">x?(abc)x</CODE>matches <EMCLASS="emphasis">xx</EM> or <EMCLASS="emphasis">xabcx</EM>. Korn shell only.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><CODECLASS="literal">*(abc)</CODE></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Match zero or more instances of <EMCLASS="emphasis">abc</EM>.For example, <CODECLASS="literal">x*(abc)x</CODE>matches <EMCLASS="emphasis">xx</EM>, <EMCLASS="emphasis">xabcx</EM>, <EMCLASS="emphasis">xabcabcx</EM>, etc. Korn shell only.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><CODECLASS="literal">+(abc)</CODE></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Match one or more instances of <EMCLASS="emphasis">abc</EM>.For example, <CODECLASS="literal">x+(abc)x</CODE>matches <EMCLASS="emphasis">xabcx</EM>, <EMCLASS="emphasis">xabcabcx</EM>, etc. Korn shell only.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><CODECLASS="literal">!(abc)</CODE></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Match anything that doesn't contain <EMCLASS="emphasis">abc</EM>.For example, <CODECLASS="literal">x!(abc)x</CODE>doesn't match <EMCLASS="emphasis">xabcx</EM> or <EMCLASS="emphasis">xabcabcx</EM>, but does matchpractically anything else that begins or ends with <EMCLASS="emphasis">x</EM>.Korn shell only.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><CODECLASS="literal">^</CODE><CODECLASS="replaceable"><I>pat</I></CODE></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para"><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-16192"></A>Match any name that doesn't match <CODECLASS="replaceable"><I>pat</I></CODE>.<CODECLASS="replaceable"><I>pat</I></CODE> must include at least one of the wildcards <CODECLASS="literal">*</CODE>, <CODECLASS="literal">?</CODE>and <CODECLASS="literal">[]</CODE>.To match all except a single name, here's a trick:put brackets around one character.For instance, you can match all except <EMCLASS="emphasis">abc</EM> with <CODECLASS="literal">^ab[c]</CODE>.<EMCLASS="emphasis">tcsh</EM> only.(For other shells, see<SPANCLASS="link"><EMCLASS="emphasis">nom</EM> (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch15_09.htm"TITLE="nom: List Files that Don't Match a Wildcard ">15.9</A>)</SPAN>.)</P></DD></DL><PCLASS="para">Note: wildcards <EMCLASS="emphasis">do not</EM> match files whose names begin with adot (<CODECLASS="literal">.</CODE>), like <EMCLASS="emphasis">.cshrc</EM>.[1]This prevents you fromdeleting (or otherwise mucking around with) these files by accident.To match those files, type the dot literally.For example, <CODECLASS="literal">.[a-z]*</CODE> matches anything whose name starts with adot and a lowercase letter.Watch out for plain <CODECLASS="literal">.*</CODE>, though; it matches the directory entries<CODECLASS="literal">.</CODE> and <CODECLASS="literal">..</CODE> (see article<ACLASS="xref"HREF="ch15_05.htm"TITLE='Matching All "Dot Files" with Wildcards'>15.5</A>for suggestions on solving that problem).</P><BLOCKQUOTECLASS="footnote"><PCLASS="para">[1] Setting the <EMCLASS="emphasis">bash</EM> variable <EMCLASS="emphasis">glob_dot_filenames</EM> includes thesenames in wildcard expansion.</P></BLOCKQUOTE><PCLASS="para">And a final note: many operating systems (VAX/VMS andDOS included)consider a file's <EMCLASS="emphasis">name</EM> and <EMCLASS="emphasis">extension</EM> to be differententities; therefore, you can't use a single wildcard to match both.What do I mean? Consider the file <EMCLASS="emphasis">abc.def</EM>.Under DOS or VMS, to matchthis filename you'd need the wildcard expression <CODECLASS="literal">*.*</CODE>. The first<CODECLASS="literal">*</CODE> matches the name (the part before the period), and the second matchesthe extension (the part after the period).Although UNIX uses extensions, they aren't considereda separate part of the filename, so a single <CODECLASS="literal">*</CODE> will match theentire name.</P><DIVCLASS="sect1info"><PCLASS="SECT1INFO">- <SPANCLASS="authorinitials">ML</SPAN>, <SPANCLASS="authorinitials">JP</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV><DIVCLASS="htmlnav"><P></P><HRALIGN="LEFT"WIDTH="515"TITLE="footer"><TABLEWIDTH="515"BORDER="0"CELLSPACING="0"CELLPADDING="0"><TR><TDALIGN="LEFT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch15_01.htm"TITLE="15.1 File Naming Wildcards "><IMGSRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"SRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"ALT="Previous: 15.1 File Naming Wildcards "BORDER="0"></A></TD><TDALIGN="CENTER"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="171"><ACLASS="book"HREF="index.htm"TITLE="UNIX Power Tools"><IMGSRC="gifs/txthome.gif"SRC="gifs/txthome.gif"ALT="UNIX Power Tools"BORDER="0"></A></TD><TDALIGN="RIGHT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch15_03.htm"TITLE="15.3 Adding { } Operators to Korn (and Bourne) Shells "><IMGSRC="gifs/txtnexta.gif"SRC="gifs/txtnexta.gif"ALT="Next: 15.3 Adding { } Operators to Korn (and Bourne) Shells "BORDER="0"></A></TD></TR><TR><TDALIGN="LEFT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172">15.1 File Naming Wildcards </TD><TDALIGN="CENTER"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="171"><ACLASS="index"HREF="index/idx_0.htm"TITLE="Book Index"><IMGSRC="gifs/index.gif"SRC="gifs/index.gif"ALT="Book Index"BORDER="0"></A></TD><TDALIGN="RIGHT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172">15.3 Adding { } Operators to Korn (and Bourne) Shells </TD></TR></TABLE><HRALIGN="LEFT"WIDTH="515"TITLE="footer"><IMGSRC="gifs/smnavbar.gif"SRC="gifs/smnavbar.gif"USEMAP="#map"BORDER="0"ALT="The UNIX CD Bookshelf Navigation"><MAPNAME="map"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="0,0,73,21"HREF="../index.htm"ALT="The UNIX CD Bookshelf"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="74,0,163,21"HREF="index.htm"ALT="UNIX Power Tools"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="164,0,257,21"HREF="../unixnut/index.htm"ALT="UNIX in a Nutshell"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="258,0,321,21"HREF="../vi/index.htm"ALT="Learning the vi Editor"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="322,0,378,21"HREF="../sedawk/index.htm"ALT="sed & awk"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="379,0,438,21"HREF="../ksh/index.htm"ALT="Learning the Korn Shell"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="439,0,514,21"HREF="../lrnunix/index.htm"ALT="Learning the UNIX Operating System"></MAP></DIV></BODY></HTML>⌨️ 快捷键说明
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