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<HTML><!--Distributed by F --><HEAD><TITLE>[Chapter 15] 15.9 nom: List Files that Don't Match a Wildcard </TITLE><METANAME="DC.title"CONTENT="UNIX Power Tools"><METANAME="DC.creator"CONTENT="Jerry Peek, Tim O'Reilly & Mike Loukides"><METANAME="DC.publisher"CONTENT="O'Reilly & Associates, Inc."><METANAME="DC.date"CONTENT="1998-08-04T21:37:28Z"><METANAME="DC.type"CONTENT="Text.Monograph"><METANAME="DC.format"CONTENT="text/html"SCHEME="MIME"><METANAME="DC.source"CONTENT="1-56592-260-3"SCHEME="ISBN"><METANAME="DC.language"CONTENT="en-US"><METANAME="generator"CONTENT="Jade 1.1/O'Reilly DocBook 3.0 to HTML 4.0"><LINKREV="made"HREF="mailto:online-books@oreilly.com"TITLE="Online Books Comments"><LINKREL="up"HREF="ch15_01.htm"TITLE="15. Wildcards"><LINKREL="prev"HREF="ch15_08.htm"TITLE="15.8 Getting a List of Non-Matching Files with grep -c "><LINKREL="next"HREF="ch15_10.htm"TITLE="15.10 Wildcards that Match Only Directories "></HEAD><BODYBGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"TEXT="#000000"><DIVCLASS="htmlnav"><H1><IMGSRC="gifs/smbanner.gif"ALT="UNIX Power Tools"USEMAP="#srchmap"BORDER="0"></H1><MAPNAME="srchmap"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="0,0,466,58"HREF="index.htm"ALT="UNIX Power Tools"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="467,0,514,18"HREF="jobjects/fsearch.htm"ALT="Search this book"></MAP><TABLEWIDTH="515"BORDER="0"CELLSPACING="0"CELLPADDING="0"><TR><TDALIGN="LEFT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch15_08.htm"TITLE="15.8 Getting a List of Non-Matching Files with grep -c "><IMGSRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"SRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"ALT="Previous: 15.8 Getting a List of Non-Matching Files with grep -c "BORDER="0"></A></TD><TDALIGN="CENTER"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="171"><B><FONTFACE="ARIEL,HELVETICA,HELV,SANSERIF"SIZE="-1">Chapter 15<BR>Wildcards</FONT></B></TD><TDALIGN="RIGHT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch15_10.htm"TITLE="15.10 Wildcards that Match Only Directories "><IMGSRC="gifs/txtnexta.gif"SRC="gifs/txtnexta.gif"ALT="Next: 15.10 Wildcards that Match Only Directories "BORDER="0"></A></TD></TR></TABLE> <HRALIGN="LEFT"WIDTH="515"TITLE="footer"></DIV><DIVCLASS="SECT1"><H2CLASS="sect1"><ACLASS="title"NAME="UPT-ART-4470">15.9 nom: List Files that Don't Match a Wildcard </A></H2><PCLASS="para"><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-16533"></A>The <EMCLASS="emphasis">nom</EM> (no match) script takes filenames (usually, expanded by the shell) fromits command line.It outputs all filenames in the current directory that <EMCLASS="emphasis">don't</EM> match.As article<ACLASS="xref"HREF="ch15_02.htm"TITLE="Filename Wildcards in a Nutshell ">15.2</A>explains, <EMCLASS="emphasis">ksh</EM> has a <CODECLASS="literal">!</CODE> operatorthat works like <EMCLASS="emphasis">nom</EM>, and <EMCLASS="emphasis">tcsh</EM> has <CODECLASS="literal">^</CODE><CODECLASS="replaceable"><I>pattern</I></CODE>,but other shells don't.Here are some examples of <EMCLASS="emphasis">nom</EM>:</P><ULCLASS="itemizedlist"><LICLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">To get the names of all files that <EMCLASS="emphasis">don't</EM> end with <EMCLASS="emphasis">.ms</EM>:</P><PCLASS="para"><BLOCKQUOTECLASS="screen"><PRECLASS="screen">% <CODECLASS="userinput"><B>nom *.ms</B></CODE></PRE></BLOCKQUOTE></P><PCLASS="para"></P></LI><LICLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">To edit all files whose names don't have any lowercase letters, use<SPANCLASS="link">command substitution (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch09_16.htm"TITLE="Command Substitution ">9.16</A>)</SPAN>:</P><PCLASS="para"><BLOCKQUOTECLASS="screen"><PRECLASS="screen">% <CODECLASS="userinput"><B>vi `nom *[a-z]*`</B></CODE></PRE></BLOCKQUOTE></P><PCLASS="para"></P></LI><LICLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">To copy all files to a directory named <EMCLASS="emphasis">Backup</EM> (except <EMCLASS="emphasis">Backup</EM>itself):</P><PCLASS="para"><BLOCKQUOTECLASS="screen"><PRECLASS="screen">% <CODECLASS="userinput"><B>cp `nom Backup` Backup</B></CODE></PRE></BLOCKQUOTE></P></LI></UL><PCLASS="para">Here's the script:</P><PCLASS="para"><TABLECLASS="screen.co"BORDER="1"><TR><THVALIGN="TOP"><PRECLASS="calloutlist"> <ACLASS="co"HREF="ch44_12.htm"TITLE="44.12 Trapping Exits Caused by Interrupts ">trap</A> <ACLASS="co"HREF="ch44_06.htm"TITLE="44.6 Pattern Matching in case Statements ">case</A> <ACLASS="co"HREF="ch44_15.htm"TITLE="44.15 Handling Command-Line Arguments in Shell Scripts ">$*</A> <ACLASS="co"HREF="ch28_12.htm"TITLE="28.12 Comparing Two Files with comm ">comm</A> <ACLASS="co"HREF="ch13_13.htm"TITLE='13.13 The "Filename" - '>-</A> </PRE></TH><TDVALIGN="TOP"><PRECLASS="screen"> #! /bin/shtemp=/tmp/NOM$$stat=1 # ERROR EXIT STATUS (SET TO 0 BEFORE NORMAL EXIT)trap 'rm -f $temp; exit $stat' 0 1 2 15# MUST HAVE AT LEAST ONE ARGUMENT. ALL MUST BE IN CURRENT DIRECTORY:case "$*" in"") echo Usage: `basename $0` pattern 1>&2; exit ;;*/*) echo "`basename $0` quitting: I can't handle '/'s." 1>&2; exit ;;esac# GET NAMES WE DON'T WANT TO MATCH; REPLACE BLANKS WITH NEWLINES:echo "$*" | tr ' ' '\012' | sort > $temp# COMPARE TO CURRENT DIRECTORY (-1 = ONE NAME PER LINE); OUTPUT NAMES WE WANT:ls -1 | comm -23 - $tempstat=0</PRE></TD></TR></TABLE></P><PCLASS="para">You can remove the <EMCLASS="emphasis">-1</EM> option on the script's <CODECLASS="literal">ls</CODE> commandline if your version of <EMCLASS="emphasis">ls</EM> lists one filename per line by default;almost all versions of <EMCLASS="emphasis">ls</EM> do that when they're writing into a pipe.Note that <EMCLASS="emphasis">nom</EM> doesn't know about files whose names begin with adot (<CODECLASS="literal">.</CODE>); you can change that if you'd like by addingthe <EMCLASS="emphasis">ls -A</EM> option (uppercase letter "A", which isn't on allversions of <EMCLASS="emphasis">ls</EM>).</P><PCLASS="para">The script line with<SPANCLASS="link"><EMCLASS="emphasis">tr</EM> (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch35_11.htm"TITLE="Hacking on Characters with tr ">35.11</A>)</SPAN>will split filenames containing space characters.You can replace that line withthe following three lines;they run moreslowly on some shells but will fix this (unlikely) problem:</P><PCLASS="para"><TABLECLASS="screen.co"BORDER="1"><TR><THVALIGN="TOP"><PRECLASS="calloutlist"><ACLASS="co"HREF="ch44_16.htm"TITLE="44.16 Handling Command-Line Arguments with a for Loop ">for</A> <ACLASS="co"HREF="ch45_23.htm"TITLE="45.23 The Ins and Outs of Redirected I/O Loops ">done |</A> </PRE></TH><TDVALIGN="TOP"><PRECLASS="screen">for filedo echo "$file"done | sort > $temp</PRE></TD></TR></TABLE></P><DIVCLASS="sect1info"><PCLASS="SECT1INFO">- <SPANCLASS="authorinitials">JP</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV><DIVCLASS="htmlnav"><P></P><HRALIGN="LEFT"WIDTH="515"TITLE="footer"><TABLEWIDTH="515"BORDER="0"CELLSPACING="0"CELLPADDING="0"><TR><TDALIGN="LEFT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch15_08.htm"TITLE="15.8 Getting a List of Non-Matching Files with grep -c "><IMGSRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"SRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"ALT="Previous: 15.8 Getting a List of Non-Matching Files with grep -c "BORDER="0"></A></TD><TDALIGN="CENTER"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="171"><ACLASS="book"HREF="index.htm"TITLE="UNIX Power Tools"><IMGSRC="gifs/txthome.gif"SRC="gifs/txthome.gif"ALT="UNIX Power Tools"BORDER="0"></A></TD><TDALIGN="RIGHT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch15_10.htm"TITLE="15.10 Wildcards that Match Only Directories "><IMGSRC="gifs/txtnexta.gif"SRC="gifs/txtnexta.gif"ALT="Next: 15.10 Wildcards that Match Only Directories "BORDER="0"></A></TD></TR><TR><TDALIGN="LEFT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172">15.8 Getting a List of Non-Matching Files with grep -c </TD><TDALIGN="CENTER"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="171"><ACLASS="index"HREF="index/idx_0.htm"TITLE="Book Index"><IMGSRC="gifs/index.gif"SRC="gifs/index.gif"ALT="Book Index"BORDER="0"></A></TD><TDALIGN="RIGHT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172">15.10 Wildcards that Match Only Directories </TD></TR></TABLE><HRALIGN="LEFT"WIDTH="515"TITLE="footer"><IMGSRC="gifs/smnavbar.gif"SRC="gifs/smnavbar.gif"USEMAP="#map"BORDER="0"ALT="The UNIX CD Bookshelf Navigation"><MAPNAME="map"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="0,0,73,21"HREF="../index.htm"ALT="The UNIX CD Bookshelf"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="74,0,163,21"HREF="index.htm"ALT="UNIX Power Tools"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="164,0,257,21"HREF="../unixnut/index.htm"ALT="UNIX in a Nutshell"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="258,0,321,21"HREF="../vi/index.htm"ALT="Learning the vi Editor"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="322,0,378,21"HREF="../sedawk/index.htm"ALT="sed & awk"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="379,0,438,21"HREF="../ksh/index.htm"ALT="Learning the Korn Shell"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="439,0,514,21"HREF="../lrnunix/index.htm"ALT="Learning the UNIX Operating System"></MAP></DIV></BODY></HTML>⌨️ 快捷键说明
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