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<HTML><!--Distributed by F --><HEAD><TITLE>[Chapter 4] 4.8 Making Directories Made Easier </TITLE><METANAME="DC.title"CONTENT="UNIX Power Tools"><METANAME="DC.creator"CONTENT="Jerry Peek, Tim O'Reilly & Mike Loukides"><METANAME="DC.publisher"CONTENT="O'Reilly & Associates, Inc."><METANAME="DC.date"CONTENT="1998-08-04T21:32:44Z"><METANAME="DC.type"CONTENT="Text.Monograph"><METANAME="DC.format"CONTENT="text/html"SCHEME="MIME"><METANAME="DC.source"CONTENT="1-56592-260-3"SCHEME="ISBN"><METANAME="DC.language"CONTENT="en-US"><METANAME="generator"CONTENT="Jade 1.1/O'Reilly DocBook 3.0 to HTML 4.0"><LINKREV="made"HREF="mailto:online-books@oreilly.com"TITLE="Online Books Comments"><LINKREL="up"HREF="ch04_01.htm"TITLE="4. Organizing Your Home Directory"><LINKREL="prev"HREF="ch04_07.htm"TITLE="4.7 Make More Directories! "><LINKREL="next"HREF="ch04_09.htm"TITLE="4.9 Setting Up vi with the .exrc File "></HEAD><BODYBGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"TEXT="#000000"><DIVCLASS="htmlnav"><H1><IMGSRC="gifs/smbanner.gif"ALT="UNIX Power Tools"USEMAP="#srchmap"BORDER="0"></H1><MAPNAME="srchmap"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="0,0,466,58"HREF="index.htm"ALT="UNIX Power Tools"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="467,0,514,18"HREF="jobjects/fsearch.htm"ALT="Search this book"></MAP><TABLEWIDTH="515"BORDER="0"CELLSPACING="0"CELLPADDING="0"><TR><TDALIGN="LEFT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch04_07.htm"TITLE="4.7 Make More Directories! "><IMGSRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"SRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"ALT="Previous: 4.7 Make More Directories! "BORDER="0"></A></TD><TDALIGN="CENTER"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="171"><B><FONTFACE="ARIEL,HELVETICA,HELV,SANSERIF"SIZE="-1">Chapter 4<BR>Organizing Your Home Directory</FONT></B></TD><TDALIGN="RIGHT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch04_09.htm"TITLE="4.9 Setting Up vi with the .exrc File "><IMGSRC="gifs/txtnexta.gif"SRC="gifs/txtnexta.gif"ALT="Next: 4.9 Setting Up vi with the .exrc File "BORDER="0"></A></TD></TR></TABLE> <HRALIGN="LEFT"WIDTH="515"TITLE="footer"></DIV><DIVCLASS="SECT1"><H2CLASS="sect1"><ACLASS="title"NAME="UPT-ART-1460">4.8 Making Directories Made Easier </A></H2><PCLASS="para"><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-4527"></A>In article<ACLASS="xref"HREF="ch04_07.htm"TITLE="Make More Directories! ">4.7</A>,we told you that you should have lots ofdirectories. Experienced UNIX users are creating new directories allthe time. How do you make a directory?</P><PCLASS="para"><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-4532"></A>It's easy. Use the <EMCLASS="emphasis">mkdir</EM> command, followed by the name of yournew directory:</P><PCLASS="para"><BLOCKQUOTECLASS="screen"><PRECLASS="screen">% <CODECLASS="userinput"><B>mkdir </B></CODE><CODECLASS="replaceable"><I>directory</I></CODE></PRE></BLOCKQUOTE></P><PCLASS="para">This creates the new directory you want. It doesn't necessarily haveto be in your current directory. For example:</P><PCLASS="para"><BLOCKQUOTECLASS="screen"><PRECLASS="screen">% <CODECLASS="userinput"><B>cd /home/los/mikel</B></CODE>% <CODECLASS="userinput"><B>mkdir /src/books/power/articles/files</B></CODE></PRE></BLOCKQUOTE></P><PCLASS="para">The only requirements are:</P><ULCLASS="itemizedlist"><LICLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">The parent of the directory you want to create must exist (in thiscase, <EMCLASS="emphasis">/src/books/power/articles</EM>).</P></LI><LICLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">You must have write access to the parent directory.</P></LI></UL><TABLECLASS="para.programreference"BORDER="1"><TR><THVALIGN="TOP"><ACLASS="programreference"HREF="examples/index.htm"TITLE="mkdir">mkdir</A><BR></TH><TDVALIGN="TOP">What if the parent directory doesn't already exist? Assume, forexample, that <EMCLASS="emphasis">/src/books</EM> already exists, but the <EMCLASS="emphasis">power</EM> and<EMCLASS="emphasis">articles</EM> directories don't. You can make these "by hand," or(on many UNIX systems, and with the GNU version on theCD-ROM) you can add the <EMCLASS="emphasis">-p</EM> (parents) option:</TD></TR></TABLE><PCLASS="para"><BLOCKQUOTECLASS="screen"><PRECLASS="screen">% <CODECLASS="userinput"><B>mkdir -p /src/books/power/articles/files</B></CODE></PRE></BLOCKQUOTE></P><PCLASS="para">This tells <EMCLASS="emphasis">mkdir</EM> to create all the intermediate directories thatare needed. So the above command creates three directories:</P><OLCLASS="orderedlist"><LICLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para"><EMCLASS="emphasis">/src/books/power</EM></P></LI><LICLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para"><EMCLASS="emphasis">/src/books/power/articles</EM></P></LI><LICLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para"><EMCLASS="emphasis">/src/books/power/articles/files</EM></P></LI></OL><PCLASS="para">[If your <EMCLASS="emphasis">mkdir</EM> doesn't have <EMCLASS="emphasis">-p</EM>, you can use<SPANCLASS="link"><EMCLASS="emphasis">csh</EM> or <EMCLASS="emphasis">bash</EM> history (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch11_02.htm"TITLE="History in a Nutshell ">11.2</A>)</SPAN>:</P><PCLASS="para"><BLOCKQUOTECLASS="screen"><PRECLASS="screen">% <CODECLASS="userinput"><B>mkdir /src/books/power</B></CODE>% <CODECLASS="userinput"><B>!!/articles</B></CODE>mkdir /src/books/power/articles% <CODECLASS="userinput"><B>!!/files</B></CODE>mkdir /src/books/power/articles/files</PRE></BLOCKQUOTE></P><PCLASS="para">That's almost as quick. <EMCLASS="emphasis">-JP</EM> ]</P><PCLASS="para">If you are using System V, you can also supply the "file protectionmode" to be assigned to the directory. (By default, the fileprotection mode is derived from your<SPANCLASS="link"><EMCLASS="emphasis">umask</EM> (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch22_04.htm"TITLE="Setting an Exact umask ">22.4</A>)</SPAN>.)To do so, use the <EMCLASS="emphasis">-m</EM> option. For example:</P><PCLASS="para"><BLOCKQUOTECLASS="screen"><PRECLASS="screen">% <CODECLASS="userinput"><B>mkdir -m 755 /src/books/power/articles/files</B></CODE></PRE></BLOCKQUOTE></P><PCLASS="para"><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-4593"></A><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-4596"></A><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-4599"></A>This creates the directory with access mode 755, which allows theowner to do anything with the directory.Note that this must be a numeric mode; seearticle<ACLASS="xref"HREF="ch22_01.htm#UPT-ART-5010"TITLE="Introduction to File Ownership and Security ">22.1</A>for an introductionto file and directory protection.</P><DIVCLASS="sect1info"><PCLASS="SECT1INFO">- <SPANCLASS="authorinitials">ML</SPAN></P></DIV></DIV><DIVCLASS="htmlnav"><P></P><HRALIGN="LEFT"WIDTH="515"TITLE="footer"><TABLEWIDTH="515"BORDER="0"CELLSPACING="0"CELLPADDING="0"><TR><TDALIGN="LEFT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch04_07.htm"TITLE="4.7 Make More Directories! 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