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<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>Index</TITLE></HEAD><BODY BGCOLOR="#FFFFFF" TEXT="#000000"><P><A HREF="../index.htm"><IMG SRC="../gifs/smbanns.gif" ALT="Book Home" BORDER=0></A><P><FONT SIZE="-1"><A HREF="idx_0.htm">Symbols</A>| <A HREF="idx_a.htm">A</A>| <A HREF="idx_b.htm">B</A>| <A HREF="idx_c.htm">C</A>| <A HREF="idx_d.htm">D</A>| <A HREF="idx_e.htm">E</A>| <A HREF="idx_f.htm">F</A>| <A HREF="idx_g.htm">G</A>| <A HREF="idx_h.htm">H</A>| <A HREF="idx_i.htm">I</A>| <A HREF="idx_j.htm">J</A>| <A HREF="idx_k.htm">K</A>| <A HREF="idx_l.htm">L</A>| <A HREF="idx_m.htm">M</A>| <A HREF="idx_n.htm">N</A>| <A HREF="idx_o.htm">O</A>| <A HREF="idx_p.htm">P</A>| <A HREF="idx_q.htm">Q</A>| <A HREF="idx_r.htm">R</A>| <A HREF="idx_s.htm">S</A>| <A HREF="idx_t.htm">T</A>| U| <A HREF="idx_v.htm">V</A>| <A HREF="idx_w.htm">W</A>| <A HREF="idx_x.htm">X</A>| <A HREF="idx_y.htm">Y</A>| <A HREF="idx_z.htm">Z</A></FONT><H1>Index: U</H1><DL><DT><A NAME="uids">UIDs</A>: (see <A HREF="idx_u.htm#user-ids">user IDs</A>)<DT><A NAME="ul-command">ul command</A>: <A HREF="../ch43_18.htm">43.18. How nroff Makes Bold and Underline; How to Remove It</A><DT><A NAME="ulimit-.2df-command">ulimit -f command</A>: <A HREF="../ch24_05.htm">24.5. Limiting File Sizes </A><DT><A NAME="umask-command">umask command</A><DD><DL> <DT><A HREF="../ch14_14.htm">14.14. Automatic Setup When You Enter/Exit a Directory </A> <DT><A HREF="../ch22_02.htm#UPT-ART-417-SECT-1.1">22.2.1. User, Group, and World </A> <DT><A HREF="../ch22_04.htm">22.4. Setting an Exact umask </A> <DT><A HREF="../ch45_36.htm">45.36. Shell Lockfile </A> <DT>setting in shell scripts: <A HREF="../ch38_04.htm">38.4. Subshells </A></DL><DT><A NAME="umask-value">umask value</A>: <A HREF="../ch52_05.htm#UPT-ART-9503-SECT-1.3.3">52.5.3.3. Running Install </A><DT><A NAME="uname-command">uname command</A><DD><DL> <DT><A HREF="../ch50_07.htm">50.7. How UNIX Systems Remember Their Name </A> <DT><A HREF="../ch52_04.htm">52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc </A></DL><DT><A NAME="unarchiving">unarchiving</A>: (see <A HREF="idx_a.htm#archives">archives</A>)<DT><A NAME="uncluttering-logins">uncluttering logins</A>: <A HREF="../ch02_15.htm">2.15. Unclutter Logins: Show Login Messages Just Once </A><DT><A NAME="uncompress-command">uncompress command</A><DD><DL> <DT><A HREF="../ch52_08.htm#UPT-ART-3840-SECT-1.1.1">52.8.1.1. Missing Programs </A> <DT><A HREF="../ch52_08.htm#UPT-ART-3840-SECT-1.2.2">52.8.2.2. Uncompressing the Sources </A></DL><DT><A NAME="undelete-program">undelete program</A>: <A HREF="../ch52_04.htm">52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc </A><DT><A NAME="underlined-text">underlined text</A>: <A HREF="../ch43_18.htm">43.18. How nroff Makes Bold and Underline; How to Remove It</A><DT><A NAME="underscore">underscore (_) in filenames</A>: <A HREF="../ch01_15.htm">1.15. Filenames </A><DT><A NAME="undoing">undoing (vi editor)</A><DD><DL> <DT><A HREF="../ch30_08.htm">30.8. Get Back What You Deleted with Numbered Buffers</A> <DT><A HREF="../ch30_10.htm">30.10. Confirming Substitutions in ex and vi</A> <DT><A HREF="../ch30_38.htm">30.38. Finding Your Place with Undo </A></DL><DT><A NAME="unedit-command">unedit command (SCCS)</A>: <A HREF="../ch20_13.htm">20.13. SCCS Basics </A><DT><A NAME="unexpand-command">unexpand command</A><DD><DL> <DT><A HREF="../ch41_04.htm#UPT-ART-5260-SECT-1.1">41.4.1. TAB Is Just Another Character to UNIX </A> <DT><A HREF="../ch52_04.htm">52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc </A> <DT>filtering within vi: <A HREF="../ch31_05.htm">31.5. Keymaps for Pasting into a Window Running vi </A></DL><DT><A NAME="unexpand-script">unexpand script</A>: <A HREF="../ch24_06.htm">24.6. Save Space with Tab Characters </A><DT><A NAME="uniq-command">uniq command</A><DD><DL> <DT><A HREF="../ch35_20.htm">35.20. Quick Reference: uniq </A> <DT><A HREF="../ch50_03.htm">50.3. apropos on Systems Without apropos </A></DL><DT><A NAME="unix">UNIX</A><DD><DL> <DT>advantages <DD><DL> <DT><A HREF="../ch01_01.htm#UPT-ART-1001">1.1. What's Special About UNIX? </A> <DT><A HREF="../ch01_07.htm">1.7. Power Grows on You </A> <DT><A HREF="../ch01_26.htm">1.26. What a Multiuser System Can Do for You </A> <DT><A HREF="../ch44_01.htm#UPT-ART-0065">44.1. Everyone Should Learn Some Shell Programming </A> <DT><A HREF="../ch52_03.htm">52.3. Shrink-Wrapped Software for UNIX </A> </DL> <DT>binary programs: <A HREF="../ch52_08.htm#UPT-ART-3840-SECT-1.2">52.8.2. Compiling Source Code </A> <DT>definition of priority: <A HREF="../ch39_09.htm">39.9. Know When to Be "nice" to OTher Users...and When</A> <DT>drawbacks of: <A HREF="../ch01_34.htm">1.34. What's Wrong with UNIX </A> <DT>flexible handling of TAB characters: <A HREF="../ch41_04.htm">41.4. How UNIX Handles TAB Characters </A> <DT>identifying versions: <A HREF="../ch50_08.htm">50.8. Which Version Am I Using? </A> <DT>networking and communications utilities: <A HREF="../ch01_33.htm">1.33. UNIX Networking and Communications </A> <DT>platforms: <A HREF="../ch52_03.htm">52.3. Shrink-Wrapped Software for UNIX </A> <DT>time on: <A HREF="../ch39_01.htm#UPT-ART-7784">39.1. Which Time Is It? </A> <DT>two main branches of: <A HREF="../ch41_02.htm#UPT-ART-1140-SECT-1.1">41.2.1. How We Made It This Far (Back?) </A> <DT>versions of: <A HREF="../prf1_06.htm">About UNIX Versions </A></DL><DT><A NAME="unkillable-processes">unkillable processes, cleaning up</A>: <A HREF="../ch38_15.htm">38.15. Cleaning Up an Unkillable Process </A><DT><A NAME="unlimit-coredumpsize-command">unlimit coredumpsize command</A>: <A HREF="../ch24_05.htm">24.5. Limiting File Sizes </A><DT><A NAME="unlink-command">unlink command</A>: <A HREF="../ch23_15.htm">23.15. Using unlink to Remove a File with a Strange Name </A><DT><A NAME="unlinking-files">unlinking files</A>: <A HREF="../ch24_03.htm">24.3. Unlinking Open Files Isn't a Good Idea </A><DT><A NAME="unprintable-characters">unprintable characters</A>: (see <A HREF="idx_s.htm#special-characters">special characters</A>)<DD><DL> <DT>codes for writing: <A HREF="../ch41_11.htm#UPT-ART-7967-SECT-1.0.1">41.11.1. Special Character Codes </A></DL><DT><A NAME="unprintable-files">unprintable files</A>: <A HREF="../ch25_05.htm">25.5. Page Through Compressed, RCS, Unprintable Files </A><DT><A NAME="unset-variable-errors">unset variable errors</A>: <A HREF="../ch40_04.htm">40.4. Choosing the Shell Run (We Hope) by at </A><DT><A NAME="unsetenv-command">unsetenv command</A>: <A HREF="../ch06_01.htm#UPT-ART-1170">6.1. What Environment Variables Are Good For </A><DT><A NAME="unshar-program">unshar program</A><DD><DL> <DT><A HREF="../ch19_03.htm">19.3. unshar: Unarchive a Shell Archive </A> <DT><A HREF="../ch52_04.htm">52.4. Quick Descriptions of What's on the Disc </A> <DT><A HREF="../ch52_08.htm#UPT-ART-3840-SECT-1.1.1">52.8.1.1. Missing Programs </A> <DT><A HREF="../ch52_08.htm#UPT-ART-3840-SECT-1.2.4">52.8.2.4. Unsharring the Sources </A></DL><DT><A NAME="unshar-software">unshar software</A>: <A HREF="../ch52_08.htm#UPT-ART-3840-SECT-1.2.4">52.8.2.4. Unsharring the Sources </A><DT><A NAME="untarring-software">untarring software</A>: <A HREF="../ch52_08.htm#UPT-ART-3840-SECT-1.2.3">52.8.2.3. Untarring the Sources </A><DT><A NAME="unterrupt-characters">unterrupt characters</A>: <A HREF="../ch05_09.htm">5.9. Setting Your Erase, Kill, and Interrupt Characters </A><DT><A NAME="until-loops">until loops</A>: <A HREF="../ch44_10.htm#UPT-ART-2280-SECT-1.1">44.10.1. Looping Until a Command Succeeds </A><DD><DL> <DT>in Bourne shells: <A HREF="../ch44_10.htm#UPT-ART-2280-SECT-1.1">44.10.1. Looping Until a Command Succeeds </A> <DT>examples: <A HREF="../ch44_10.htm#UPT-ART-2280-SECT-1.1">44.10.1. Looping Until a Command Succeeds </A> <DT>while loops compared to: <A HREF="../ch44_10.htm#UPT-ART-2280-SECT-1.2">44.10.2. Looping Until a Command Fails </A></DL><DT><A NAME="updateb-script">updateb script</A>: <A HREF="../ch17_19.htm">17.19. Finding Files (Much) Faster with a find Database </A><DT><A NAME="uppercase">uppercase</A><DD><DL> <DT>pathname in: <A HREF="../ch52_05.htm#UPT-ART-9503-SECT-1.3.4">52.5.3.4. Installing a Single Program </A> <DT>without CAPS LOCK: <A HREF="../ch31_11.htm">31.11. Typing in Uppercase Without CAPS LOCK </A></DL><DT><A NAME="uptime-command">uptime command</A>: <A HREF="../ch39_07.htm">39.7. Checking System Load: uptime </A><DD><DL> <DT>average reported by: <A HREF="../ch39_12.htm#UPT-ART-67-SECT-1.1">39.12.1. The CPU </A></DL><DT><A NAME="usenet">Usenet</A>: <A HREF="../ch01_33.htm">1.33. UNIX Networking and Communications </A><DT><A NAME=".24user">$USER</A><DD><DL> <DT>examples: <A HREF="../ch48_04.htm#UPT-ART-3180-SECT-1.3">48.4.3. Automating Your Own Calendar </A></DL><DT><A NAME="user-dictionaries">user dictionaries</A>: (see <A HREF="idx_d.htm#dictionary-files">dictionary files</A>)<DT><A NAME="user-environment-variable">USER environment variable</A><DD><DL> <DT><A HREF="../ch06_03.htm">6.3. Predefined Environment Variables </A> <DT><A HREF="../ch06_09.htm">6.9. Special C Shell Variables </A> <DT>in C shell: <A HREF="../ch47_02.htm#UPT-ART-393-SECT-1.5">47.2.5. Variable Syntax </A></DL><DT><A NAME="user-ids">user IDs (UIDs)</A>: <A HREF="../ch38_03.htm">38.3. Managing Processes: Overall Concepts </A><DD><DL> <DT>file access: <A HREF="../ch01_23.htm">1.23. File Access Permissions </A></DL><DT><A NAME="user-time">user time</A><DD><DL> <DT><A HREF="../ch39_02.htm">39.2. Timing Programs </A> <DT><A HREF="../ch39_05.htm">39.5. Why Is the System So Slow? </A></DL><DT><A NAME="user.27s-login-shell">user's login shell, killing</A>: <A HREF="../ch38_10.htm">38.10. Destroying Processes with kill </A><DT><A NAME="user.2ddefined-signal">user-defined signal</A>: (see <A HREF="idx_u.htm#usr.31">USR1 (user-defined) signal</A>)<DT><A NAME="user.2dstate-cpu-time">user-state CPU time</A>: <A HREF="../ch39_05.htm">39.5. Why Is the System So Slow? </A><DT><A NAME="username-field-in-crontab-entries">username field in crontab entries</A>: <A HREF="../ch40_12.htm#UPT-ART-5410-SECT-1.1">40.12.1. Execution Scheduling </A><DT><A NAME="users">users</A><DD><DL> <DT><A HREF="../ch17_16.htm">17.16. Searching by Owner and Group </A> <DT>(see also <A HREF="idx_g.htm#groups">groups</A>) <DT>classes of: <A HREF="../ch39_12.htm#UPT-ART-67-SECT-1.4">39.12.4. User Communities </A> <DT>effect on system performance: <A HREF="../ch39_12.htm#UPT-ART-67-SECT-1.4">39.12.4. User Communities </A> <DT>ownership: (see <A HREF="idx_o.htm#ownership">ownership, file</A>) <DT>SUID bit <DD><DL> <DT><A HREF="../ch01_23.htm">1.23. File Access Permissions </A> <DT><A HREF="../ch01_25.htm">1.25. Access to Directories </A> </DL></DL><DT><A NAME=".2fusr-directory">/usr directory</A><DD><DL> <DT>/usr/bin directory <DD><DL> <DT>programs in: <A HREF="../ch01_10.htm">1.10. Internal and External Commands </A> <DT>in search paths: <A HREF="../ch44_03.htm#UPT-ART-7060-SECT-1.4">44.3.4. Shell Search Paths </A> </DL> <DT>/usr/include, header files in: <A HREF="../ch52_08.htm#UPT-ART-3840-SECT-1.2.7">52.8.2.7. Functions, Libraries, and Header Files </A> <DT>/usr/lib/crontab file: <A HREF="../ch40_12.htm#UPT-ART-5410-SECT-1.1">40.12.1. Execution Scheduling </A> <DT>/usr/lib/crontab.local file: <A HREF="../ch40_12.htm#UPT-ART-5410-SECT-1.1">40.12.1. Execution Scheduling </A> <DT>/usr/local directory: <A HREF="../ch52_05.htm#UPT-ART-9503-SECT-1.3.5">52.5.3.5. Installing Everything Using the Defaults </A> <DT>/usr/tmp directory: <A HREF="../ch21_04.htm">21.4. Why Both /tmp and /usr/tmp? </A></DL><DT><A NAME="usr.31">USR1 (user-defined) signal</A>: <A HREF="../ch38_08.htm">38.8. What Are Signals? </A><DT><A NAME="utilities">utilities, combining</A>: <A HREF="../ch44_01.htm#UPT-ART-0065">44.1. Everyone Should Learn Some Shell Programming </A><DT><A NAME="uucp">UUCP (UNIX-to-UNIX copy)</A><DD><DL> <DT><A HREF="../ch01_33.htm">1.33. UNIX Networking and Communications </A> <DT><A HREF="../ch52_07.htm#UPT-ART-9506-SECT-1.2.3">52.7.2.3. UUCP</A></DL><DT><A NAME="uudecode-command">uudecode command</A>: <A HREF="../ch19_05.htm">19.5. Using tar to Create and Unpack Archives </A><DT><A NAME="uuencode-command">uuencode command</A>: <A HREF="../ch19_05.htm">19.5. Using tar to Create and Unpack Archives </A><DT><A NAME="uuencoded-files">uuencoded files</A>: <A HREF="../ch11_03.htm">11.3. My Favorite Is !$ </A><DT><A NAME="uunet">UUNET</A>: <A HREF="../ch52_07.htm#UPT-ART-9506-SECT-1.2.3">52.7.2.3. 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