ch20_08.htm

the unix power tools

CLASS="entry"
ROWSPAN="1"
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>\.orig$</TD
><TD
CLASS="entry"
ROWSPAN="1"
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>ending with <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>.orig</EM
></TD
><TD
CLASS="entry"
ROWSPAN="1"
COLSPAN="1"
>original version</TD
></TR
></TBODY
></TABLE
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-22407"
></A
>Instead of specifying which files are to be excluded, you can specify which 
files to archive using the
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>-I</EM
> 
option.
As with the exclude flag, specifying a directory tells
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>tar</EM
>
to include (or exclude) the entire directory.
You should also note that the syntax of the
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>-I</EM
>
option is different from the typical
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>tar</EM
>
flag.
The next example archives all C files and makefiles.
It uses <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>egrep</EM
>'s <CODE
CLASS="literal"
>()</CODE
> grouping operators to make
the <CODE
CLASS="literal"
>$</CODE
> anchor character apply to all patterns inside the
parentheses:</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>find project -type f -print | \
egrep '(\.[ch]|[Mm]akefile)$' &gt; Include</B
></CODE
>
% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>tar cvf project.tar -I Include</B
></CODE
></PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><P
CLASS="para"
>I suggest using
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>find</EM
>
to create the include or exclude file.
You can edit it afterward, if you wish.
One caution: extra spaces at the end of any line will cause that file
to be ignored.</P
><P
CLASS="para"
>One way to debug the
output
of the
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>find</EM
>
command is to use
<SPAN
CLASS="link"
><EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>/dev/null</EM
> (<A
CLASS="linkend"
HREF="ch13_14.htm"
TITLE="What Can You Do with an Empty File? "
>13.14</A
>)</SPAN
>
as the output file:</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>tar cvfX /dev/null Exclude project</B
></CODE
></PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><H3
CLASS="sect2"
><A
CLASS="title"
NAME="UPT-ART-424-SECT-1.1"
>20.8.1 Including Other Directories </A
></H3
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-22433"
></A
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-22436"
></A
>There are times when you want to make an archive of several directories.
You may want to archive a source directory and
another directory like
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>/usr/local</EM
>.
The natural, but wrong, way to do this is to use the command:</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>tar cvf /dev/rmt8 project /usr/local</B
></CODE
></PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="note"
><P
CLASS="para"
><STRONG
>NOTE:</STRONG
> When using <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>tar</EM
>, you must never specify a directory name starting with a
slash (/).
This will cause problems when you restore a directory,
<SPAN
CLASS="link"
>as you will see later (<A
CLASS="linkend"
HREF="ch20_10.htm"
TITLE="Avoid Absolute Paths with tar "
>20.10</A
>)</SPAN
>.</P
></BLOCKQUOTE
><P
CLASS="para"
>The proper way to handle the incorrect example above is to use the<A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-22448"
></A
>
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>-C</EM
> 
flag:</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>tar cvf /dev/rmt8 project -C /usr local</B
></CODE
></PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><P
CLASS="para"
>This will archive
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>/usr/local/...</EM
>
as
<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>local/...</EM
>.
Article
<A
CLASS="xref"
HREF="ch20_10.htm"
TITLE="Avoid Absolute Paths with tar "
>20.10</A
>
has more information.</P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><H3
CLASS="sect2"
><A
CLASS="title"
NAME="UPT-ART-424-SECT-1.2"
>20.8.2 Type Pathnames Exactly </A
></H3
><P
CLASS="para"
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-22462"
></A
>For the above options to work when you extract files from an archive,
the pathname given in the include or exclude file
must exactly match the pathname on the tape.</P
><P
CLASS="para"
>Here's a sample run.
I'm extracting from a file named <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>appe.tar</EM
>.
Of course, this example applies to tapes, too:</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>tar tf appe.tar</B
></CODE
>
appe
code/appendix/font_styles.c
code/appendix/xmemo.c
code/appendix/xshowbitmap.c
code/appendix/zcard.c
code/appendix/zcard.icon</PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><P
CLASS="para"
>Next, I create an exclude file, named <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>exclude</EM
>, that contains the
lines:</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>code/appendix/zcard.c
code/appendix/zcard.icon</PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><P
CLASS="para"
>Now, I run the following <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>tar</EM
> command:</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>tar xvfX appe.tar exclude</B
></CODE
>
x appe, 6421 bytes, 13 tape blocks
x code/appendix/font_styles.c, 3457 bytes, 7 tape blocks
x code/appendix/xmemo.c, 10920 bytes, 22 tape blocks
x code/appendix/xshowbitmap.c, 20906 bytes, 41 tape blocks
code/appendix/zcard.c excluded
code/appendix/zcard.icon excluded</PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect2"
><H3
CLASS="sect2"
><A
CLASS="title"
NAME="UPT-ART-424-SECT-1.3"
>20.8.3 Exclude the Archive File! </A
></H3
><P
CLASS="para"
>If you're archiving the current directory (<CODE
CLASS="literal"
>.</CODE
>) instead of
starting at a subdirectory, remember to start with
two pathnames in the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>Exclude</EM
> file:
the archive that <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>tar</EM
> creates and the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>Exclude</EM
> file itself.
That keeps <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>tar</EM
> from trying to archive its own output!</P
><P
CLASS="para"
><BLOCKQUOTE
CLASS="screen"
><PRE
CLASS="screen"
>% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>cat &gt; Exclude
./somedir.tar
./Exclude</B
></CODE
>
<KBD
CLASS="keycap"
>[CTRL-d]</KBD
>
% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>find . -type f -print | \
egrep  '/,|%$|~$|\.old$|SCCS|/core$|\.o$|\.orig$' &gt;&gt;Exclude</B
></CODE
>
% <CODE
CLASS="userinput"
><B
>tar cvfX somedir.tar Exclude .</B
></CODE
></PRE
></BLOCKQUOTE
></P
><P
CLASS="para"
>In that example,
we used
<SPAN
CLASS="link"
><CODE
CLASS="literal"
>cat</CODE
>&nbsp;<CODE
CLASS="literal"
>&gt;</CODE
> (<A
CLASS="linkend"
HREF="ch25_02.htm"
TITLE="Four Ways to Skin a cat "
>25.2</A
>)</SPAN
>
to create the file quickly; you could use a text
editor instead.
Notice that the pathnames in the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>Exclude</EM
> file start with <CODE
CLASS="literal"
>./</CODE
>;
that's what the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>tar</EM
> command expects when you tell it to archive
the current directory (<CODE
CLASS="literal"
>.</CODE
>).
The long <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>find</EM
>/<EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>egrep</EM
> command line uses the
<SPAN
CLASS="link"
><CODE
CLASS="literal"
>&gt;&gt;</CODE
> operator (<A
CLASS="linkend"
HREF="ch13_01.htm#UPT-ART-1023"
TITLE="Using Standard Input and Output"
>13.1</A
>)</SPAN
>
to add other pathnames to the end of the <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>Exclude</EM
> file.</P
><P
CLASS="para"
>&#13;Or, instead of adding the archive and exclude file's pathnames to the
exclude file, you can move those two files somewhere out of the
directory tree that <EM
CLASS="emphasis"
>tar</EM
> will read.<A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-22508"
></A
><A
CLASS="indexterm"
NAME="AUTOID-22509"
></A
></P
></DIV
><DIV
CLASS="sect1info"
><P
CLASS="SECT1INFO"
>- <SPAN
CLASS="authorinitials"
>BB, TOR</SPAN
></P
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