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<HTML><!--Distributed by F --><HEAD><TITLE>[Chapter 20] 20.8 Telling tar Which Files to Exclude or Include </TITLE><METANAME="DC.title"CONTENT="UNIX Power Tools"><METANAME="DC.creator"CONTENT="Jerry Peek, Tim O'Reilly & Mike Loukides"><METANAME="DC.publisher"CONTENT="O'Reilly & Associates, Inc."><METANAME="DC.date"CONTENT="1998-10-23T15:44:58Z"><METANAME="DC.type"CONTENT="Text.Monograph"><METANAME="DC.format"CONTENT="text/html"SCHEME="MIME"><METANAME="DC.source"CONTENT="1-56592-260-3"SCHEME="ISBN"><METANAME="DC.language"CONTENT="en-US"><METANAME="generator"CONTENT="Jade 1.1/O'Reilly DocBook 3.0 to HTML 4.0"><LINKREV="made"HREF="mailto:online-books@oreilly.com"TITLE="Online Books Comments"><LINKREL="up"HREF="ch20_01.htm"TITLE="20. Backing Up Files"><LINKREL="prev"HREF="ch20_07.htm"TITLE="20.7 Creating a Timestamp File for Selective Backups "><LINKREL="next"HREF="ch20_09.htm"TITLE="20.9 When a Program Doesn't Understand Wildcards "></HEAD><BODYBGCOLOR="#FFFFFF"TEXT="#000000"><DIVCLASS="htmlnav"><H1><IMGSRC="gifs/smbanner.gif"ALT="UNIX Power Tools"USEMAP="#srchmap"BORDER="0"></H1><MAPNAME="srchmap"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="0,0,466,58"HREF="index.htm"ALT="UNIX Power Tools"><AREASHAPE="RECT"COORDS="467,0,514,18"HREF="jobjects/fsearch.htm"ALT="Search this book"></MAP><TABLEWIDTH="515"BORDER="0"CELLSPACING="0"CELLPADDING="0"><TR><TDALIGN="LEFT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch20_07.htm"TITLE="20.7 Creating a Timestamp File for Selective Backups "><IMGSRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"SRC="gifs/txtpreva.gif"ALT="Previous: 20.7 Creating a Timestamp File for Selective Backups "BORDER="0"></A></TD><TDALIGN="CENTER"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="171"><B><FONTFACE="ARIEL,HELVETICA,HELV,SANSERIF"SIZE="-1">Chapter 20<BR>Backing Up Files</FONT></B></TD><TDALIGN="RIGHT"VALIGN="TOP"WIDTH="172"><ACLASS="SECT1"HREF="ch20_09.htm"TITLE="20.9 When a Program Doesn't Understand Wildcards "><IMGSRC="gifs/txtnexta.gif"SRC="gifs/txtnexta.gif"ALT="Next: 20.9 When a Program Doesn't Understand Wildcards "BORDER="0"></A></TD></TR></TABLE> <HRALIGN="LEFT"WIDTH="515"TITLE="footer"></DIV><DIVCLASS="SECT1"><H2CLASS="sect1"><ACLASS="title"NAME="UPT-ART-0424">20.8 Telling tar Which Files to Exclude or Include </A></H2><PCLASS="para">[This article was written for SunOS.Many versions of tar don't have some or all ofthese features.Some do it in a different way.Check your tar manual page, or use the<SPANCLASS="link"><EMCLASS="emphasis">GNU </EM>tar (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch19_06.htm"TITLE="GNU tar Sampler ">19.6</A>)</SPAN>that we provideon the disc. -JP]</P><PCLASS="para"><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="UPT-ART-424-IX-ARCHIVES-TAR-ARCHIVES"></A><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="UPT-ART-424-IX-TAR-ARCHIVES-EXCLUDING-INCLUDING-FILES-IN"></A>On some systems,<SPANCLASS="link"><EMCLASS="emphasis">make</EM> (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch28_13.htm"TITLE="make Isn't Just for Programmers! ">28.13</A>)</SPAN>creates filenames starting with acomma (<CODECLASS="literal">,</CODE>) to keep track of dependencies.Various editors create backup files whose names end with apercent sign (<CODECLASS="literal">%</CODE>) or atilde (<CODECLASS="literal">~</CODE>).I often keep the original copy of a program with the <EMCLASS="emphasis">.orig</EM>extension and old versions with a <EMCLASS="emphasis">.old</EM>extension.</P><PCLASS="para">I often don't want to save these files on my backups.There may be some binary files that I don'twant to archive, but don't want to delete either.</P><PCLASS="para"><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-22299"></A><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-22302"></A><ACLASS="indexterm"NAME="AUTOID-22305"></A>A solution is to use the<EMCLASS="emphasis">X</EM>flag to<SPANCLASS="link"><EMCLASS="emphasis">tar</EM> (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch20_01.htm#UPT-ART-8024"TITLE="tar in a Nutshell ">20.1</A>)</SPAN>.[Check your <EMCLASS="emphasis">tar</EM> manual page for the <EMCLASS="emphasis">F</EM> and <EMCLASS="emphasis">FF</EM> options, too.<EMCLASS="emphasis">-JIK</EM> ]This flag specifies that the matching argument to <EMCLASS="emphasis">tar</EM>is the name of a file that lists files to exclude from the archive.Here is an example:</P><PCLASS="para"><BLOCKQUOTECLASS="screen"><PRECLASS="screen">% <CODECLASS="userinput"><B>find project ! -type d -print | \egrep '/,|%$|~$|\.old$|SCCS|/core$|\.o$|\.orig$' > Exclude</B></CODE>% <CODECLASS="userinput"><B>tar cvfX project.tar Exclude project</B></CODE></PRE></BLOCKQUOTE></P><PCLASS="para">In this example,<SPANCLASS="link"><EMCLASS="emphasis">find</EM> (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch17_01.htm#UPT-ART-7410"TITLE="The find Command Is Great; The Problem Is Finding How to Use It">17.1</A>)</SPAN>lists all files in the directories, but does notprint the directory names explicitly.If you have a directory name in an excluded list, it will also exclude all the files inside the directory.<SPANCLASS="link"><EMCLASS="emphasis">egrep</EM> (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch27_05.htm"TITLE="Extended Searching for Text with egrep ">27.5</A>)</SPAN>is then used as a filter to exclude certain files from the archive.Here,<EMCLASS="emphasis">egrep</EM>is given several regular expressions to match certain files.This expression seems complex but is simple once you understanda few special characters:</P><DLCLASS="variablelist"><DTCLASS="term"><CODECLASS="literal">/</CODE></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">The slash is not a special character. However, since no filenamecan contain a slash, it matches the beginning of a filename,as output by the <EMCLASS="emphasis">find</EM>command.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><CODECLASS="literal">|</CODE></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">The vertical bar separates each regular expression.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><CODECLASS="literal">$</CODE></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">The dollar sign is one of the two regular expression"anchors"and specifies the end of the line, or filename in this case.The other anchor, which specifies the beginning of the line, is<CODECLASS="literal">^</CODE> (caret).But because we are matching filenames output by<EMCLASS="emphasis">find</EM>,the only filenames that can match<CODECLASS="literal">^</CODE>are those in the top directory.</P></DD><DTCLASS="term"><CODECLASS="literal">\.</CODE></DT><DDCLASS="listitem"><PCLASS="para">Normally the dot matches any character in a regularexpression. Here, we want to match the actualcharacter <CODECLASS="literal">.</CODE> (dot),which is why the backslash is used toquoteorescapethe normal meaning.</P></DD></DL><PCLASS="para">A breakdown of the patterns and examples of the filesthat match these patterns is given here:</P><TABLECLASS="informaltable"><THEADCLASS="thead"><TRCLASS="row"VALIGN="TOP"><THCLASS="entry"ALIGN="LEFT"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1">Pattern</TH><THCLASS="entry"ALIGN="LEFT"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1">Matches Files</TH><THCLASS="entry"ALIGN="LEFT"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1">Used by</TH></TR></THEAD><TBODYCLASS="tbody"><TRCLASS="row"VALIGN="TOP"><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1">/,</TD><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1">starting with <EMCLASS="emphasis">,</EM></TD><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1"><EMCLASS="emphasis">make</EM> dependency files</TD></TR><TRCLASS="row"VALIGN="TOP"><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1">%$</TD><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1">ending with <EMCLASS="emphasis">%</EM></TD><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1"><EMCLASS="emphasis">textedit</EM> backup files</TD></TR><TRCLASS="row"VALIGN="TOP"><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1">~$</TD><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1">ending with <EMCLASS="emphasis">~</EM></TD><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1"><EMCLASS="emphasis">emacs</EM> backup files</TD></TR><TRCLASS="row"VALIGN="TOP"><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1">\.old$</TD><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1">ending with <EMCLASS="emphasis">.old</EM></TD><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1">old copies</TD></TR><TRCLASS="row"VALIGN="TOP"><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1">SCCS</TD><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1">in <EMCLASS="emphasis">SCCS</EM> directory</TD><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1"><SPANCLASS="link">Source Code Control System (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="ch20_13.htm"TITLE="SCCS Basics ">20.13</A>)</SPAN></TD></TR><TRCLASS="row"VALIGN="TOP"><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1">/core$</TD><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1">with name of <EMCLASS="emphasis">core</EM></TD><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1"><SPANCLASS="link">core dump (<ACLASS="linkend"HREF="glossary.htm#UPT-ART-1010"TITLE="Glossary">52.9</A>)</SPAN></TD></TR><TRCLASS="row"VALIGN="TOP"><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1">\.o$</TD><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1">ending with <EMCLASS="emphasis">.o</EM></TD><TDCLASS="entry"ROWSPAN="1"COLSPAN="1">object files</TD></TR><TRCLASS="row"VALIGN="TOP"><TD⌨️ 快捷键说明
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