microwindows_architecture.html

Nano-x的设计架及相关文档----这是网上下载的中文翻译版本, E文的可以在其网站上下载.

    CreateWindowEx         Create
an instance of a window of a certain class<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
DestroyWindow&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Destroy a
window instance</p>

<p>The WM_CREATE message is just after window creation, before returning from
CreateWindowEx.&nbsp; The WM_DESTROY message is sent just before destroying a window with
DestroyWindow. </p>

<p>When a window is registered, extra bytes can be allocated to the window structure when
created.&nbsp; The GetWindowLong, GetWindowWord, SetWindowLong and SetWindowWord
manipulate these bytes.&nbsp; In addition, a fixed number of extra bytes per window class
can be allocated on registration and retrieved via the GetClassLong function.</p>

<h3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Window showing,
hiding and moving</h3>

<p>The ShowWindow function allows windows to be made visible or hidden.&nbsp; In addition,
this can be specified during the creation of the window, through CreateWindowEx.&nbsp;
MoveWindow is called to change a window's position or size.&nbsp; A WM_MOVE message is
sent if the window's position changes, and WM_SIZE is sent on size changes.</p>

<h3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Window painting</h3>

<p>The Microwindows system determines when a window needs to be initially painted or
repainted as the result of other window movement, and a WM_PAINT message is sent to the
associated window procedure.&nbsp; At this point, it's up the the application to use the
graphics primitives available to paint the window, described below.&nbsp; Microwindows
keeps track of a windows' &quot;update&quot; region, and sends WM_PAINT whenever the
region is non-empty.&nbsp; For speed reasons, the WM_PAINT message is only sent when there
are no other messages in the application's queue.&nbsp; This allows the application to
repaint in one, rather than possibly many, steps.&nbsp; To force a repaint rather than
waiting, the UpdateWindow function can be called.&nbsp; The InvalidateRect function
specifies a rectangle to add to the update region, causing a subsequent WM_PAINT.</p>

<p>The window title is automatically painted and is set with the SetWindowText function,
and retrieved with the GetWindowText function.</p>

<h3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.4.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Client and screen
coordinates</h3>

<p>Every window is drawn on the screen using the device global screen coordinate system
for absolute reference to any pixel on the screen.&nbsp; The Microwindows API allows
applications programmers to be concerned with only the relative coordinates from the upper
left portion of their window, not including the title bar and 3d effects.&nbsp; This
coordinate system is called &quot;client coordinates.&quot;&nbsp; As will be explained
below, the Microwindows programmer has the option of getting a device context in either
screen or client coordinates.&nbsp; If device coordinates are specified, then the
coordinate system is device-based and includes the title area and 3d areas of the
window.&nbsp; Otherwise, the drawable region is clipped to just that&nbsp; area that is
reserved by the system for the application's drawing.&nbsp; The GetClientRect and
GetWindowRect functions return client or screen coordinates for the passed window.&nbsp;
ClientToScreen and ScreenToClient can be called to translate between window coordinate
systems.</p>

<h3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.4.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Device contexts</h3>

<p>An applications programmer must obtain a &quot;device context&quot; before calling any
graphics drawing API functions.&nbsp; As explained above, this specifies to the system
which window and what coordinate system are desired, so that these don't have to be passed
to every graphics function.&nbsp; In addition, various other attributes like foreground
and background color are also set in a device context, so that these parameters don't have
to be specified for every graphics operation.&nbsp; The device context selects the
appropriate clipping region based on the window specified and the coordinate system.&nbsp;
When a device context is obtained, various graphics values are set to default values.</p>

<p>To obtain a client device context, call GetDC.&nbsp; To obtain a screen device context,
required when drawing onto title bars and the like, call GetWindowDC.&nbsp; In addition,
fancy clipping operations and child/sibling window clipping can be specified if GetDCEx is
called.&nbsp; When finished drawing, the ReleaseDC function must be called to deallocate
the DC.</p>

<p>On receipt of the WM_PAINT message, two special calls, BeginPaint and EndPaint are
called, that serve as replacements to the GetDC/ReleaseDC functions.&nbsp; These functions
essentially allocate a DC but also validate the update region so that no subsequent
WM_PAINT messages are generated.&nbsp; BeginPaint also combines the update region and the
clipping region so that user output will only occur where previously invalidated.</p>

<h3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.4.3&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Graphics drawing
API</h3>

<p>There are many graphics drawing API's in the Microwindows API.&nbsp; Following is a
list, most of these match up to the engine GdXXX functions discussed in section 2.</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
SetTextColor&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Set the foreground text color in a DC<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
SetBkColor&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Set the background color in a DC<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
GetSysColor&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Get the system color defined for the current look and feel scheme<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
SetBkMode&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Set the use background flag in a DC<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
SetROP2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Set the drawing mode (XOR, SET, etc) for drawing<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
SetPixel&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Draw a pixel in the current fg color<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
MoveToEx&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Prepare to draw a line<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
LineTo&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Draw a line from the last location to this one in the current fg color<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Rectangle&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Draw a rectangle in the current pen color<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
FillRect&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Fill a rectangle with the current brush color<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
TextOut&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Draw text in the current fg/bg color<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
ExtTextOut&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Draw text in the current fg/bg color<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
DrawText&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Draw text or compute text height and width sizes<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
DrawDIB&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Draw a color bitmap<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
SelectObject&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Select a pen, brush or font to use in a DC<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
GetStockObject&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Get a predefined standard pen, brush or font<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
CreatePen&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Create a pen of a certain color<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
CreateSolidBrush&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Create a brush of a certain color<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CreateCompatibleBitmap&nbsp; Create an offscreen area to draw onto<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
DeleteObject&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Delete a pen, brush or bitmap<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; CreateCompatibleDC&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Create an
offscreen DC<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
DeleteDC&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Delete an offscreen DC<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
BitBlit&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Copy from one bitmap in a DC to another<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; GetSystemPaletteEntries&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Get the currently in-use
system palette entries<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp; </p>

<h3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Utility functions</h3>

<p>A number of routines are provided for various purposes, described below.&nbsp; In
addition, Microwindows currently exports some helper routines, named WndXXX, that are
useful but subject to change.&nbsp; These are detailed following:</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
WndSetDesktopWallpaper&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Set the desktop background image<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
WndSetCursor&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Set the cursor for a window<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
WndRaiseWindow&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Raise a window's z-order<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
WndLowerWindow&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Lower a window's z-order<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
WndGetTopWindow&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Return the topmost window's handle<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
WndRegisterFdInput&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Register to send a message when file descriptor has read data available<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
WndUnregisterFdInput&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Unregister file descriptor for read data messages</p>

<p>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
GetTickCount&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Return # milliseconds elapsed since startup<br>
&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Sleep&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
Delay processing for specified milliseconds</p>

<h3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.5.1&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Setting window
focus</h3>

<p>The SetFocus routine is used to pass keyboard focus from one window to another.&nbsp;
Keystrokes are always sent to the window with focus.&nbsp; The WM_SETFOCUS and
WM_KILLFOCUS messages are sent to windows just receiving and losing focus.&nbsp; The
GetActiveWindow routines returns the first non-child ancestor of the focus window, which
is the window that is currently highlighted.&nbsp; The GetDesktopWindow routine returns
the window handle of the desktop window.</p>

<h3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.5.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Mouse capture</h3>

<p>Normally, Microwindows sends WM_MOUSEMOVE messages to the window the mouse is currently