p1.txt

ti－idf算法

　　2． In the picture, …
　　例句：In the picture, an American girl looks so pleased in the richly decorated Chinese national costumes.
　　3． Looking at the picture, …
　　例句：Looking at the picture, many people cannot help laughing. …
　　4．…。This is what the picture indicates.
　　例句：It is not unusual for Chinese children to get money from their parents, grandparents or relatives during the Spring Festival. … This is what the picture indicates.
　　5． The two pictures here illustrate…
　　例句：The two pictures here illustrate how a flower in a greenhouse is destroyed when exposed to a storm.
　　6． In the first picture, …. While in the second one, …
　　例句：In the first picture, a lonely small boat, in spite of the good catch, does not disturb the fishes that are swimming leisurely. While in the second one, the sea is over-crowded with fishing boats, and a lonely fish, desperately trying to escape, finds no place to hide.
　　7．As depicted in the picture/As we can see in the picture/As can been seen from the picture/As is shown by the drawing, …
　　例句：As can be seen from the picture, the car breaks stops on the way and cannot move any further.
　　8．It is most likely that by drawing the pictures, the artist intends…
例句：It is most likely that by drawing the pictures, the artist intends not only to tell us the story of fish but also to set us thinking more about nature.

　　(一）常用句式
　　以下是图表作文常用的表达法：
　　1． According to the figures shown in the table/graph we can see/conclude that…
　　例句：According to the figures shown in the table, we can see that great changes have been taking place in people’s diet over the period from 1988 to 1998.
　　2． We can see/We have noted/It can be seen from the table/chart/graph that…
　　例句：We have noted from the graph that there is a wide gap between the top ten universities both of China and of the world.
　　3． The graph/table/chart shows/indicates/reveals/points out that…
　　例句：The chart reveals that the number of road accidents is spiraling upward every year as more and more highways are constructed all over China.
　　4． As is shown/can be seen in the chart/graph/diagram released by the government…
　　例句：As we can see in the diagram released by the government, the rapid growth of population has resulted in the extinction of many wildlife species.
　　5． After considering the information in the graph/table/chart, we might conclude that…
　　例句：After considering the information in the graph, we might conclude that the energy structure in rural areas has been greatly improved over the past 15 years.
　　6.The chart/graph/table shows a minimal/slight/slow/steady/marked/dramatic/sharp/sudden increase/rise/decline/reduction/fall/drop in…compared with those of last year/10 years ago/last century…
　　例句：The graph shows a marked decline in the number of wildlife species compared with that of last century.
　　7． This year, the products of…dropped to half/was cut in half/doubled/tripled.
　　例句：This year, the products of cotton doubled.
　　8． The number of … grew/rose/dropped from…to…
　　例句：The number of car accidents grew from 3691 in 1985 to 8245 in 1995.
　　9． No increase is shown in …; then came a sharp increase of …
　　例句：No increase is shown in 1988; then came a sharp increase of 8 million.
　　10．Sth. is twice/three/half as large/high/much as sth. else.
　　例句：The production of cotton is twice as much as that of wheat.
　　11．The table/chart/graph represents the development and changes in …
　　例句：The table represents the development and changes in agriculture structure in the past 30 years.
　　12．By comparison with…, it dropped/ fell/ decreased from…to…/ by…
　　例句：By comparison with 1990, it dropped by 15 percent.
　　13．There appeared an even more stable/consistent/steady tendency to rise/drop.
　　14．The curve has leveled off/stayed the same/remained unchanged for 2 years and the trend will be continuing.
　


第六节 应用文类作文
　　1． 几种主要信函的写法
　　英文书信主要分为事务书信和个人书信两种，前者是单位与单位之间或个人与单位之间来往的信件，后者是亲朋好友之间的来往信件。事务书信包括申请信、推荐信、求职信、订购信等等；个人书信包括慰问信、祝贺信、道歉信以及一般的个人信等等。在格式和语体方面，事务书信比较正规，而个人书信则比较随便。在这部分中，我们结合信函的实用程度和考研作文对篇幅的一般要求选取了五种我们认为有可能成为考研作文命题对象的信函。
　　⑴ 求职信
　　求职信是用来向某一单位求取一份工作的信函，它属于广义的申请信的一种。之所以将求职信与其他类型的申请信分开来写，是因为其目前应用的普遍性和重要性，因此希望考生给予足够的重视。
　　写求职信时，要注意以下几点：
　　首先，措辞要礼貌，对求职单位要加以一定的褒扬，并表示对该单位的向往之情，希望能到该单位工作。
　　第二，简洁、明了、具体地说明自己的能力和条件。因为求职信通常是跟简历一起寄给用人单位的，所以在信中提到自己的能力和条件时，不是要简单重复简历中已有的内容，而是要用简洁、明了、具体的语言提出自己特别突出的或者可能引起用人单位特别的注意的能力和条件。
　　第三，对于要求取的工作岗位，要特别写明，给用人单位一个考虑选择的机会。
　　第四，要突出招聘者的利益，不要一味强调自己的需要和期望。
　　求职信一般分为三个部分来写，至于分成几段，没有严格的要求。第一部分说明从哪里得到的关于这份工作的信息，又或者写信人只是投求职信碰碰运气。
　　第二部分主要是推销自己，表达自己对应聘职位的兴趣以及介绍自己的最突出的能力和条件。如果求职者对应聘职位没有太多的了解，可以特别表达一向愿意接受新挑战的愿望，并强调一下自己在适应新环境、处理人际关系方面的能力。
　　最后一部分当然是表达一下希望，例如希望能得到面试的机会。
　　下面给出一封齐头式的求职信，省略了信头和信内地址，从称呼开始。
　　Dear Sir or Madam:
　　I am writing in response to the advertisement you placed in the Sunday paper for a sales manager in your company. Your company has a reputation for producing high-quality products like Mandolin network system. I am interested in joining such a professional organization.
　　As you can see from the enclosed resume, my previous work in an export company has provided me with lots of opportunities to contact all kinds of customers and suppliers home and abroad. By communicating with them, I have got very familiar with the international trade and the current market. Besides, my educational training at university concentrated also on international trade which equipped me with a solid foundation in sales and trade.
　　As such, I believe that my service could be of great benefit to your company in terms of customer relation and new business connections.
　　I hope to have an opportunity to meet your human resource manager in order to let you know more about me. I enclose a resume and could be available for an interview at your convenience. Looking forward to hearing from you and thank you for your consideration.
　　Sincerely yours,
J.S. Wu

　　⑵ 其他申请信
　　当一个人想得到某种机会或某些东西，如申请得到奖学金、求学、申请出国签证等，往往通过申请信来请求。
　　写申请信的时候一般应注意以下几点：
　　首先，语气要诚挚友好，措辞要严谨，千万不要表现出强求的意思。
　　第二，对于申请的内容和原因一定要写得非常清楚，不能含糊。
　　第三，尽管不能表现出强求的意思，但是期望得到的心情一定要表达出来。
　　申请信如何分段，也没有严格的规定，其内容一般应包括以下几个部分：明确是在写申请；申请的具体内容和缘由；自己的情况和条件；提出要求，如回信、面试等等。每一部分都要做到清晰、简明。
　　对于不同的申请内容，在介绍自己情况的时候也要有不同的侧重。例如在求学信中，应比较侧重介绍自己已有的学位及专业情况；在申请留学经济资助的信中，应着重介绍自己的学业及学术水平，因为国外很多学校颁发奖学金是以此为标准的。
　　以下是两封申请信，第一封是求学信，另一封是申请留学资助的，第一封信用的是齐头式，第二封信用的是缩进式，信头和信内地址都已省略。
　　Dear Sir or Madam:
　　I am writing to apply for admission to your university to pursue my M.S. degree. I have read the annual prospectus issued by your university and found that it has the best graduate program of chemistry. I am greatly interested in the program.
　　I graduated in 1997 from Beijing University, majoring in Chemistry and holding a B. S. degree. At university, I took many fundamental courses in Chemistry and my English is excellent as I had served as the head of English Association for two years. Since then I have been teaching Chemistry in Beijing Normal University. Through my teaching experience, I have not only deepened my understanding in this field, but mastered many complicated research skills as well.
　　Two of my former professors and the present dean of our department have kindly written letters of recommendation for me, as enclosed with this letter.
　　Could you please send me the necessary forms and any information about financial aid in your program?
　　Thank you very much. I look forward to hearing from you soon.
　　Sincerely yours,
　　Fan Wei
　　Dear Sir or Madam:
　　I wish to apply for admission to your department as a graduate student. I am writing to ask whether it will be possible for you to grant me a full scholarship, considering my academic record and the fact that I have no relatives or friends in America who can act as my sponsor.
　　I completed a four-year course in chemistry at Beijing University last June. During my four years in the university, I have passed all the required courses of study with satisfactory marks. With Chemistry as my major, I minored in Physics and Mathematics. Enclosed herewith is my transcript from the department concerned.
　　My English is very good. I have been learning English since early childhood with the help of my father who is a professor of English in Fudan University, Shanghai. I therefore believe that I will not have language difficulties while studying in the United States.
　　I should be most grateful if you would give my request favorable consideration. Thank you very much and look forward to your reply.
　　Sincerely yours,
　　Wu Li
　　最后列举一些写申请信常用的表达法，供考生参考：
　　I am writing to you because I wish to …
　　I am writing to ask whether you could send me some information about your college and the application forms …
　　I am a graduate from …，I am very interested in …
　　Please send me all relevant information concerning the program you offer.
　　I should be most grateful to you if you would send me …
　　I would appreciate very much if you could send me …
　　Thank you for your consideration and I look forward to your favorable reply.
Enclosed in this letter please find three letters of recommendation and a certified copy of my transcript.

　　⑶ 推荐信
　　推荐信是求职或者求学所需要的材料。写推荐信的人一般是有身份、有地位的人士，而且必须对申请者比较了解。最好是申请者原单位的领导或资历较深的同事，或者是学校里的教授、本专业的专家等等。
　　写推荐信应该注意以下几点：
　　首先，推荐人在写信前应该详细了解聘方或学校的要求、工作性质、专业特点等有关情况，有针对性地介绍并推荐申请者。
　　第二，推荐信要多写优点，充分肯定成绩，语气要积极、热情。但为了客观起见，也可适当提一下申请者的不足之处，但一定要说明这种不足之处是可以通过学习和锻炼得到克服的。
　　第三，推荐信的篇幅不宜过长，但也不能三言两语敷衍了事，一般以250到350字为宜。
　　第四，推荐信的称呼一般用To whom it may concern或者Dear sir or Madam。而且推荐信通常由推荐人直接寄给用人单位或学校。
　　推荐信一般分成三段到四段，主要包括三个方面的内容：推荐人与被推荐人之间的关系；被推荐者的能力、品质和优点，在这部分至少应该写两个优点，但最多不要超过四个，而且如果能够用具体的例子来证明，效果会更好；建议录取被推荐者。
　　下面是一封推荐信：
　　To whom it may concern:
　　I sincerely recommend Ms. Zhang Chen to participate in your program and researching group. I am a department manager in Guangyou Trade Company and Ms. Zhang had been worked in my department for nearly three years.