editing.txt

MSYS在windows下模拟了一个类unix的终端

							*:w_f* *:write_f*
:[range]w[rite]	{file}	Write the specified lines to {file}, unless it
			already exists and the 'writeany' option is off.

							*:w!*
:[range]w[rite]! {file}	Write the specified lines to {file}.  Overwrite an
			existing file.

							*:w_a* *:write_a*
:[range]w[rite][!] >>	Append the specified lines to the current file.

:[range]w[rite][!] >> {file}
			Append the specified lines to {file}.  '!' forces the
			write even if file does not exist.

							*:w_c* *:write_c*
:[range]w[rite] !{cmd}	Execute {cmd} with [range] lines as standard input
			(note the space in front of the '!').  {cmd} is
			executed like with ":!{cmd}", any '!' is replaced with
			the previous command |:!|.

The default [range] for the ":w" command is the whole buffer (1,$).
If a file name is given with ":w" it becomes the alternate file.  This can be
used, for example, when the write fails and you want to try again later with
":w #".  This can be switched off by removing the 'A' flag from the
'cpoptions' option.

							*:up* *:update*
:[range]up[date][!] [>>] [file]
			Like ":write", but only write when the buffer has been
			modified.  {not in Vi}

							*:q* *:quit*
:q[uit]			Quit Vim.  This fails when changes have been made and
			Vim refuses to |abandon| the current buffer, and when
			not editing the last file in the argument list.

:conf[irm] q[uit]	Quit, but give prompt when changes have been made, or
			not editing the last file in the argument list.  See
			|:confirm| and 'confirm'.  {not in Vi}

:q[uit]!		Quit without writing, also when visible buffers have
			changes.  Does not exit when there are changed hidden
			buffers.  Use ":qall!" to exit always.

:cq[uit]		Quit always, without writing, and return an error
			code.  See |:cq|.  Used for Manx's QuickFix mode (see
			|quickfix|).  {not in Vi}

							*:wq*
:wq			Write the current file and exit (unless editing the
			last file in the argument list or the file is
			read-only).

:wq!			Write the current file and exit.

:wq {file}		Write to {file}.  Exit if not editing the last
			file in the argument list.

:wq! {file}		Write to {file} and exit.

:[range]wq[!] [file]	Same as above, but only write the lines in [range].

							*:x* *:xit*
:[range]x[it][!] [file]
			Like ":wq", but write only when changes have been
			made.
			When 'hidden' is set and there are more windows, the
			current buffer becomes hidden, after writing the file.

							*:exi* *:exit*
:[range]exi[t][!] [file]
			Same as :xit.

							*ZZ*
ZZ			Write current file, if modified, and exit (same as
			":x").  (Note: If there are several windows for the
			current file, the file is written if it was modified
			and the window is closed).

							*ZQ*
ZQ			Quit current file and exit (same as ":q!").  (Note: If
			there are several windows for the current file, only
			the window is closed).

							*timestamp*
Vim remembers the modification timestamp of a file when you begin editing it.
Before writing a file the timestamp is checked.  If it has changed, Vim will
ask if you really want to overwrite the file:

	WARNING: The file has been changed since reading it!!!
	Do you really want to write to it (y/n)?

If you hit 'y' Vim will continue writing the file.  If you hit 'n' the write is
aborted.  If you used ":wq" or "ZZ" Vim will not exit, you will get another
chance to write the file.

Alternatively, after a shell command is run (|:!cmd| |suspend| |:read!| |K|)
ALL timestamps are compared.   Vim will run any associated |FileChangedShell|
autocommands or display the above WARNING for any files that have changed.

The message would normally mean that somebody has written to the file after
the edit session started.  This could be another person, in which case you
probably want to check if your changes to the file and the changes from the
other person should be merged.  Write the file under another name and check for
differences (the "diff" program can be used for this).
It is also possible that you modified the file yourself, from another edit
session or with another command (e.g., a filter command).  Then you will know
which version of the file you want to keep.

							*backup*
If you write to an existing file (but do not append) while the 'backup',
'writebackup' or 'patchmode' option is on, a backup of the original file is
made.  On Unix systems the file is copied, on other systems the file is
renamed.  After the file has been successfully written and when the
'writebackup' option is on and the 'backup' option is off, the backup file is
deleted.  When the 'patchmode' option is on the backup file may be renamed.

							*backup-table*
'backup' 'writebackup'	action	~
   off	     off	no backup made
   off	     on		backup current file, deleted afterwards (default)
   on	     off	delete old backup, backup current file
   on	     on		delete old backup, backup current file

When the 'backup' option is on, an old backup file (with the same name as the
new backup file) will be deleted.  If 'backup' is not set, but 'writebackup' is
set, an existing backup file will not be deleted.  The backup file that is made
while the file is being written will have a different name.

The directories given with the 'backupdir' option is used to put the backup
file in.  (default: same directory as the written file).

On Unix systems:
When you write to an existing file, that file is truncated and then filled
with the new text.  This means that protection bits, owner and symbolic links
are unmodified.  The backup file however, is a new file, owned by the user who
edited the file.  The group of the backup is set to the group of the original
file.  If this fails, the protection bits for the group are made the same as
for others.

If the creation of a backup file fails, the write is not done.  If you want
to write anyway add a '!' to the command.

							*write-readonly*
When the 'cpoptions' option contains 'W', Vim will refuse to overwrite a
readonly file.  When 'W' is not present, ":w!" will overwrite a readonly file,
if the system allows it (the directory must be writable).

							*write-fail*
If the writing of the new file fails, you have to be careful not to lose
your changes AND the original file.  If there is no backup file and writing
the new file failed, you have already lost the original file! DON'T EXIT VIM
UNTIL YOU WRITE OUT THE FILE! If a backup was made, it is put back in place
of the original file (if possible).  If you exit Vim, and lose the changes
you made, the original file will mostly still be there.  If putting back the
original file fails, there will be an error message telling you that you
lost the original file.

						*DOS-format-write*
If the 'fileformat' is "dos", <CR> <NL> is used for <EOL>.  This is default
for MS-DOS, Win32 and OS/2.  On other systems the message "[dos format]" is
shown to remind you that an unusual <EOL> was used.
						*Unix-format-write*
If the 'fileformat' is "unix", <NL> is used for <EOL>.  On MS-DOS, Win32 and
OS/2 the message "[unix format]" is shown.
						*Mac-format-write*
If the 'fileformat' is "mac", <CR> is used for <EOL>.  On non-Mac systems the
message "[mac format]" is shown.

See also |file-formats| and the 'fileformat' and 'fileformats' options.

==============================================================================
6. Editing binary files					*edit-binary*

Although Vim was made to edit text files, it is possible to edit binary
files.  The "-b" Vim argument (b for binary) makes Vim do file I/O in binary
mode, and sets some options for editing binary files ('binary' on, 'textwidth'
to 0, 'modeline' off, 'expandtab' off).  Setting the 'binary' option has the
same effect.  Don't forget to do this before reading the file.

There are a few things to remember when editing binary files:
- When editing executable files the number of characters must not change.
  Use only the "R" or "r" command to change text.  Do not delete characters
  with "x" or by backspacing.
- Set the 'textwidth' option to 0.  Otherwise lines will unexpectedly be
  split in two.
- When there are not many <EOL>s, the lines will become very long.  If you
  want to edit a line that does not fit on the screen reset the 'wrap' option.
  Horizontal scrolling is used then.  If a line becomes too long (more than
  about 32767 characters on the Amiga, much more on 32-bit systems, see
  |limits|) you cannot edit that line.  The line will be split when reading
  the file.  It is also possible that you get an "out of memory" error when
  reading the file.
- Make sure the 'binary' option is set BEFORE loading the
  file.  Otherwise both <CR> <NL> and <NL> are considered to end a line
  and when the file is written the <NL> will be replaced with <CR> <NL>.
- <Nul> characters are shown on the screen as ^@.  You can enter them with
  "CTRL-V CTRL-@" or "CTRL-V 000" {Vi cannot handle <Nul> characters in the
  file}
- To insert a <NL> character in the file split up a line.  When writing the
  buffer to a file a <NL> will be written for the <EOL>.
- Vim normally appends an <EOL> at the end of the file if there is none.
  Setting the 'binary' option prevents this.  If you want to add the final
  <EOL>, set the 'endofline' option.  You can also read the value of this
  option to see if there was an <EOL> for the last line (you cannot see this
  in the text).

==============================================================================
7. Encryption						*encryption*

Vim is able to write files encrypted, and read them back.  The encrypted text
cannot be read without the right key.

Note: The swapfile and text in memory are not encrypted.  A system
administrator will be able to see your text while you are editing it.

WARNING: If you make a typo when entering the key and then write the file and
exit, the text will be lost!

The normal way to work with encryption, is to use the ":X" command, which will
ask you to enter a key.  A following write command will use that key to
encrypt the file.  If you later edit the same file, Vim will ask you to enter
a key.  If you type the same key as that was used for writing, the text will
be readable again.  If you use a wrong key, it will be a mess.

							*:X*
:X	Prompt for an encryption key.  The typing is done without showing the
	actual text, so that someone looking at the display won't see it.
	The typed key is stored in the 'key' option, which is used to encrypt
	the file when it is written.  See also |-x|.

The value of the 'key' options is used when text is written.  When the option
is not empty, the written file will be encrypted, using the value as the
encryption key.  A magic number is prepended, so that Vim can recognize that
the file is encrypted.

To disable the encryption, reset the 'key' option to an empty value:
>	:set key=

When reading a file that has been encrypted and this option is not empty, it
will be used for decryption.  If the value is empty, you will be prompted to
enter the key.  If you don't enter a key, the file is edited without being
decrypted.

If want to start reading a file that uses a different key, set the 'key'
option to an empty string, so that Vim will prompt for a new one.  Don't use
the ":set" command to enter the value, other people can read the command over
your shoulder.

Since the value of the 'key' option is supposed to be a secret, its value can
never be viewed.  You should not set this option in a vimrc file.

An encrypted file can be recognized by the "file" command, if you add this
line to "/etc/magic", "/usr/share/misc/magic" or wherever your system has the
"magic" file:
>     0	string	VimCrypt~	Vim encrypted file

Notes:
- Text you copy or delete goes to the numbered registers.  The registers can
  be saved in the .viminfo file, where they could be read.  Change your
  'viminfo' option to be safe.
- Someone can type commands in Vim when you walk away for a moment, he should
  not be able to get the key.
- If you make a typing mistake when entering the key, you might not be able to
  get your text back!
- If you type the key with a ":set key=value" command, it can be kept in the
  history, showing the 'key' value in a viminfo file.
- There is never 100% safety.  The encryption in Vim has not been tested for
  robustness.
- The algorithm used is breakable.  A 4 character key in about one hour, a 6
  character key in one day (on a Pentium 133 PC).  This requires that you know
  some text that must appear in the file.  An expert can break it for any key.
- Pkzip uses the same encryption, and US Govt has no objection to its export.
  Pkzip's public file APPNOTE.TXT describes this algorithm in detail.
- Vim originates from the Netherlands.  That is where the sources come from.
  Thus the encryption code is not exported from the USA.

 vim:tw=78:ts=8:sw=8: