change.txt

MSYS在windows下模拟了一个类unix的终端

*change.txt*    For Vim version 5.8.  Last change: 2001 Jan 04


		  VIM REFERENCE MANUAL    by Bram Moolenaar


This file describes commands that delete or change text.  In this context,
changing text means deleting the text and replacing it with other text using
one command.  You can undo all of these commands.  You can repeat the non-Ex
commands with the "." command.

1. Deleting text		|deleting|
2. Delete and insert		|delete-insert|
3. Simple changes		|simple-change|		*changing*
4. Complex changes		|complex-change|
5. Copying and moving text	|copy-move|
6. Formatting text		|formatting|
7. Indenting C programs		|C-indenting|

For inserting text see |insert.txt|.

==============================================================================
1. Deleting text					*deleting*

["x]<Del>	or					*<Del>* *x* *dl*
["x]x			Delete [count] characters under and after the cursor
			[into register x] (not linewise).  Does the same as
			"dl".  See |:fixdel| if the <Del> key does not do what
			you want.  See |'whichwrap'| for deleting the <EOL>
			(join lines).  {Vi does not support <Del>}

							*X* *dh*
["x]X			Delete [count] characters before the cursor [into
			register x] (not linewise).  Does the same as "dh".
			Also see |'whichwrap'|.

							*d*
["x]d{motion}		Delete text that {motion} moves over [into register
			x].  See below for exceptions.

							*dd*
["x]dd			Delete [count] lines [into register x] (linewise).

							*D*
["x]D			Delete the characters under the cursor until the end
			of the line and [count]-1 more lines [into register
			x]; synonym for d$ (not linewise).

{Visual}["x]x	or					*v_x* *v_d*
{Visual}["x]d		Delete the highlighted text [into register x] (for
			{Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  {not in Vi}

{Visual}["x]CTRL-H   or					*v_CTRL-H* *v_<BS>*
{Visual}["x]<BS>	When in Select mode: Delete the highlighted text [into
			register x].

{Visual}["x]X	or					*v_X* *v_D* *v_b_D*
{Visual}["x]D		Delete the highlighted lines [into register x] (for
			{Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  In Visual block mode,
			"D" deletes the highlighted text plus all text until
			the end of the line.  {not in Vi}

						*:d* *:de* *:del* *:delete*
:[range]d[elete] [x]	Delete [range] lines (default: current line) [into
			register x].

:[range]d[elete] [x] {count}
			Delete {count} lines, starting with [range]
			(default: current line |cmdline-ranges|) [into
			register x].

These commands delete text.  You can repeat them with the "." command
(except ":d") and undo them.  Use Visual mode to delete blocks of text.  See
|registers| for an explanation of registers.

An exception for the d{motion} command: If the motion is not linewise, the
start and end of the motion are not in the same line, and there are only
blanks before the start and after the end of the motion, the delete becomes
linewise.  This means that the delete also removes the line of blanks that you
might expect to remain.

Trying to delete an empty region of text (e.g., "d0" in the first column)
is an error when 'cpoptions' includes the 'E' flag.

							*J*
J			Join [count] lines, with a minimum of two lines.
			Remove the indent and insert up to two spaces (see
			below).

							*v_J*
{Visual}J		Join the highlighted lines, with a minimum of two
			lines.  Remove the indent and insert up to two spaces
			(see below).  {not in Vi}

							*gJ*
gJ			Join [count] lines, with a minimum of two lines.
			Don't insert or remove any spaces.  {not in Vi}

							*v_gJ*
{Visual}gJ		Join the highlighted lines, with a minimum of two
			lines.  Don't insert or remove any spaces.  {not in
			Vi}

							*:j* *:join*
:[range]j[oin][!]	Join [range] lines.  Same as "J", except with [!]
			the join does not insert or delete any spaces.
			If a [range] has equal start and end values, this
			command does nothing.  The default behavior is to
			join the current line with the line below it.
			{not in Vi: !}

:[range]j[oin][!] {count}
			Join {count} lines, starting with [range] (default:
			current line |cmdline-ranges|).  Same as "J", except
			with [!] the join does not insert or delete any
			spaces.
			{not in Vi: !}

These commands delete the <EOL> between lines.  This has the effect of joining
multiple lines into one line.  You can repeat these commands (except ":j") and
undo them.

These commands, except "gJ", insert one space in place of the <EOL> unless
there is trailing white space or the next line starts with a ')'.  These
commands, except "gJ", delete any leading white space on the next line.  If
the 'joinspaces' option is on, these commands insert two spaces after a '.',
'!' or '?' (but if 'cpoptions' includes the 'j' flag, they insert two spaces
only after a '.').


==============================================================================
2. Delete and insert				*delete-insert* *replacing*

							*R*
R			Enter Replace mode: Each character you type replaces
			an existing character, starting with the character
			under the cursor.  Repeat the entered text [count]-1
			times.  See |Replace-mode| for more details.

							*gR*
gR			Enter Virtual replace mode: Each character you type
			replaces existing characters in screen space.  So a
			<Tab> may replace several characters at once.
			Repeat the entered text [count]-1 times.  See
			|Virtual-replace-mode| for more details.

							*c*
["x]c{motion}		Delete {motion} text [into register x] and start
			insert.  When  'cpoptions' includes the 'E' flag and
			there is no text to delete (e.g., with "cTx" when the
			cursor is just after an 'x'), an error occurs and
			insert mode does not start (this is Vi compatible).
			When  'cpoptions' does not include the 'E' flag, the
			"c" command always starts insert mode, even if there
			is no text to delete.

							*cc*
["x]cc			Delete [count] lines [into register x] and start
			insert (linewise).  If 'autoindent' is on, preserve
			the indent of the first line.

							*C*
["x]C			Delete from the cursor position to the end of the
			line and [count]-1 more lines [into register x], and
			start insert.  Synonym for c$ (not linewise).

							*s*
["x]s			Delete [count] characters [into register x] and start
			insert (s stands for Substitute).  Synonym for "cl"
			(not linewise).

							*S*
["x]S			Delete [count] lines [into register x] and start
			insert.  Synonym for "cc" (linewise).

{Visual}["x]c	or					*v_c* *v_s*
{Visual}["x]s		Delete the highlighted text [into register x] and
			start insert (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  {not
			in Vi}

							*v_r* 
{Visual}["x]r		Doesn't work yet, it's supposed to replace all
			selected characters by the next typed character.

{Visual}["x]C	or
{Visual}["x]S	or					*v_C* *v_R* *v_S*
{Visual}["x]R		Delete the highlighted lines [into register x] and
			start insert (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  {not
			in Vi}

Notes:
- You can end Insert and Replace mode with <Esc>.
- See the section "Insert and Replace mode" |mode-ins-repl| for the other
  special characters in these modes.
- The effect of [count] takes place after Vim exits Insert or Replace mode.
- When the 'cpoptions' option contains '$' and the change is within one line,
  Vim continues to show the text to be deleted and puts a '$' at the last
  deleted character.

See |registers| for an explanation of registers.

Replace mode is just like Insert mode, except that every character you enter
deletes one character.  If you reach the end of a line, Vim appends any
further characters (just like Insert mode).  In Replace mode, the backspace
key restores the original text (if there was any).  (See section "Insert and
Replace mode" |mode-ins-repl|).

						*cw* *cW*
Special case: "cw" and "cW" work the same as "ce" and "cE" if the cursor is
on a non-blank.  This is because Vim interprets "cw" as change-word, and a
word does not include the following white space.  {Vi: "cw" when on a blank
followed by other blanks changes only the first blank; this is probably a
bug, because "dw" deletes all the blanks; use the 'w' flag in 'cpoptions' to
make it work like Vi anyway}

If you prefer "cw" to include the space after a word, use this mapping:
>	:map cw dwi

							*:c* *:ch* *:change*
:{range}c[hange]	Replace lines of text with some different text.
			Type a line containing only "." to stop replacing.
			Without {range}, this command changes only the current
			line.

==============================================================================
3. Simple changes					*simple-change*

							*r*
r{char}			Replace the character under the cursor with {char}.
			If {char} is a <CR> or <NL>, a line break replaces the
			character.  To replace with a real <CR>, use CTRL-V
			<CR>.  CTRL-V <NL> replaces with a <Nul>.  {Vi: CTRL-V
			<CR> still replaces with a line break, cannot replace
			something with a <CR>} If you give a [count], Vim
			replaces [count] characters with [count] {char}s.
			When {char} is a <CR> or <NL>, however, Vim inserts
			only one <CR>: "5r<CR>" replaces five characters with
			a single line break.  When {char} is a <CR> or <NL>,
			Vim performs autoindenting.  This works just like
			deleting the characters that are replaced and then
			doing "i<CR><Esc>".

							*gr*
gr{char}		Replace the virtual characters under the cursor with
			{char}.  This replaces in screen space, not file
			space.  See |gR| and |Virtual-replace-mode| for more
			details.  As with |r| a count may be given.


						*case* *locale* *$LANG*
The following commands change the case of letters.  The currently active
locale is used.  This depends on your system  On Unix, setting the $LANG
environment variable can make a difference.  For example, to enable changing
the case of letters with umlauts:
>	setenv LANG de
							*~*
~			'notildeop' option: Switch case of the character
			under the cursor and move the cursor to the right.
			If a [count] is given, do that many characters. {Vi:
			no count}

~{motion}		'tildeop' option: switch case of {motion} text. {Vi:
			tilde cannot be used as an operator}

							*g~*
g~{motion}		Switch case of {motion} text. {not in Vi}

g~g~							*g~g~* *g~~*
g~~			Switch case of current line. {not in Vi}.

							*v_~*
{Visual}~		Switch case of highlighted text (for {Visual} see
			|Visual-mode|). {not in Vi}

							*v_U*
{Visual}U		Make highlighted text uppercase (for {Visual} see
			|Visual-mode|). {not in Vi}

							*gU* *uppercase*
gU{motion}		Make {motion} text uppercase. {not in Vi}
			Example:
>				:map! <C-F> <Esc>gUiw`]a
			This works in Insert mode: press CTRL-F to make the
			before the cursor upper case.  Handy to type words in
			lower case and then make them uppercase.

gUgU							*gUgU* *gUU*
gUU			Make current line uppercase. {not in Vi}.

							*v_u*
{Visual}u		Make highlighted text lowercase (for {Visual} see
			|Visual-mode|).  {not in Vi}

							*gu* *lowercase*
gu{motion}		Make {motion} text lowercase. {not in Vi}

gugu							*gugu* *guu*
guu			Make current line lowercase. {not in Vi}.

							*g?* *rot13*
g?{motion}		Rot13 encode {motion} text. {not in Vi}

							*v_g?*
{Visual}g?		Rot13 encode the highlighted text (for {Visual} see
			|Visual-mode|).  {not in Vi}

g?g?							*g?g?* *g??*
g??			Rot13 encode current line. {not in Vi}.


Adding and subtracting ~
							*CTRL-A*
CTRL-A			Add [count] to the number at or after the cursor.
			{not in Vi}

							*CTRL-X*
CTRL-X			Subtract [count] from the number at or after the
			cursor.  {not in Vi}

The CTRL-A and CTRL-X commands work for (signed) decimal numbers and
unsigned octal and hexadecimal numbers.  This depends on the 'nrformats'
option.
- When 'nrformats' includes "hex", Vim assumes numbers starting with '0x' or
  '0X' are hexadecimal.  The case of the rightmost letter in the number
  determines the case of the resulting hexadecimal number.  If there is no
  letter in the current number, Vim uses the previously detected case.
- When 'nrformats' includes "octal", Vim considers numbers starting with a '0'
  to be octal.  Other numbers are decimal and may have a preceding minus sign.
  If the cursor is on a number, the commands apply to that number; otherwise
  Vim uses the number to the right of the cursor.

For numbers with leading zeros (including all octal and hexadecimal numbers),
Vim preserves the number of characters in the number when possible.  CTRL-A on
"0077" results in "0100", CTRL-X on "0x100" results in "0x0ff".  Note that
when 'nrformats' includes "octal", decimal numbers with leading zeros are
impossible because they are indistinguishable from octal numbers.

The CTRL-A command is very useful in a macro.  Example: Use the following
steps to make a numbered list.

1. Create the first list entry, make sure it starts with a number.
2. qa	     - start recording into buffer 'a'
3. Y	     - yank the entry
4. p	     - put a copy of the entry below the first one
5. CTRL-A    - increment the number
6. q	     - stop recording
7. <count>@a - repeat the yank, put and increment <count> times


SHIFTING LINES LEFT OR RIGHT				*shift-left-right*

							*<*
<{motion}		Shift {motion} lines one 'shiftwidth' leftwards.

							*<<*
<<			Shift [count] lines one 'shiftwidth' leftwards.

							*v_<*
{Visual}[count]<	Shift the highlighted lines [count] 'shiftwidth'
			leftwards (for {Visual} see |Visual-mode|).  {not in
			Vi}

							*>*
 >{motion}		Shift {motion} lines one 'shiftwidth' rightwards.

							*>>*
 >>			Shift [count] lines one 'shiftwidth' rightwards.