perldebguts.pod

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=head1 NAME

perldebguts - Guts of Perl debugging 

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This is not the perldebug(1) manpage, which tells you how to use
the debugger.  This manpage describes low-level details ranging
between difficult and impossible for anyone who isn't incredibly
intimate with Perl's guts to understand.  Caveat lector.

=head1 Debugger Internals

Perl has special debugging hooks at compile-time and run-time used
to create debugging environments.  These hooks are not to be confused
with the I<perl -Dxxx> command described in L<perlrun>, which is
usable only if a special Perl is built per the instructions in the
F<INSTALL> podpage in the Perl source tree.

For example, whenever you call Perl's built-in C<caller> function
from the package DB, the arguments that the corresponding stack
frame was called with are copied to the @DB::args array.  The
general mechanisms is enabled by calling Perl with the B<-d> switch, the
following additional features are enabled (cf. L<perlvar/$^P>):

=over 4

=item *

Perl inserts the contents of C<$ENV{PERL5DB}> (or C<BEGIN {require
'perl5db.pl'}> if not present) before the first line of your program.

=item *

Each array C<@{"_<$filename"}> holds the lines of $filename for a
file compiled by Perl.  The same for C<eval>ed strings that contain
subroutines, or which are currently being executed.  The $filename
for C<eval>ed strings looks like C<(eval 34)>.   Code assertions
in regexes look like C<(re_eval 19)>.  

Values in this array are magical in numeric context: they compare
equal to zero only if the line is not breakable.

=item *

Each hash C<%{"_<$filename"}> contains breakpoints and actions keyed
by line number.  Individual entries (as opposed to the whole hash)
are settable.  Perl only cares about Boolean true here, although
the values used by F<perl5db.pl> have the form
C<"$break_condition\0$action">.  

The same holds for evaluated strings that contain subroutines, or
which are currently being executed.  The $filename for C<eval>ed strings
looks like C<(eval 34)> or  C<(re_eval 19)>.

=item *

Each scalar C<${"_<$filename"}> contains C<"_<$filename">.  This is
also the case for evaluated strings that contain subroutines, or
which are currently being executed.  The $filename for C<eval>ed
strings looks like C<(eval 34)> or C<(re_eval 19)>.

=item *

After each C<require>d file is compiled, but before it is executed,
C<DB::postponed(*{"_<$filename"})> is called if the subroutine
C<DB::postponed> exists.  Here, the $filename is the expanded name of
the C<require>d file, as found in the values of %INC.

=item *

After each subroutine C<subname> is compiled, the existence of
C<$DB::postponed{subname}> is checked.  If this key exists,
C<DB::postponed(subname)> is called if the C<DB::postponed> subroutine
also exists.

=item *

A hash C<%DB::sub> is maintained, whose keys are subroutine names
and whose values have the form C<filename:startline-endline>.
C<filename> has the form C<(eval 34)> for subroutines defined inside
C<eval>s, or C<(re_eval 19)> for those within regex code assertions.

=item *

When the execution of your program reaches a point that can hold a
breakpoint, the C<DB::DB()> subroutine is called any of the variables
$DB::trace, $DB::single, or $DB::signal is true.  These variables
are not C<local>izable.  This feature is disabled when executing
inside C<DB::DB()>, including functions called from it 
unless C<< $^D & (1<<30) >> is true.

=item *

When execution of the program reaches a subroutine call, a call to
C<&DB::sub>(I<args>) is made instead, with C<$DB::sub> holding the
name of the called subroutine.  This doesn't happen if the subroutine
was compiled in the C<DB> package.)

=back

Note that if C<&DB::sub> needs external data for it to work, no
subroutine call is possible until this is done.  For the standard
debugger, the  C<$DB::deep> variable (how many levels of recursion
deep into the debugger you can go before a mandatory break) gives
an example of such a dependency.

=head2 Writing Your Own Debugger

The minimal working debugger consists of one line

  sub DB::DB {}

which is quite handy as contents of C<PERL5DB> environment
variable:

  $ PERL5DB="sub DB::DB {}" perl -d your-script

Another brief debugger, slightly more useful, could be created
with only the line:

  sub DB::DB {print ++$i; scalar <STDIN>}

This debugger would print the sequential number of encountered
statement, and would wait for you to hit a newline before continuing.

The following debugger is quite functional:

  {
    package DB;
    sub DB  {}
    sub sub {print ++$i, " $sub\n"; &$sub}
  }

It prints the sequential number of subroutine call and the name of the
called subroutine.  Note that C<&DB::sub> should be compiled into the
package C<DB>.

At the start, the debugger reads your rc file (F<./.perldb> or
F<~/.perldb> under Unix), which can set important options.  This file may
define a subroutine C<&afterinit> to be executed after the debugger is
initialized.

After the rc file is read, the debugger reads the PERLDB_OPTS
environment variable and parses this as the remainder of a C<O ...>
line as one might enter at the debugger prompt.

The debugger also maintains magical internal variables, such as
C<@DB::dbline>, C<%DB::dbline>, which are aliases for
C<@{"::_<current_file"}> C<%{"::_<current_file"}>.  Here C<current_file>
is the currently selected file, either explicitly chosen with the
debugger's C<f> command, or implicitly by flow of execution.

Some functions are provided to simplify customization.  See
L<perldebug/"Options"> for description of options parsed by
C<DB::parse_options(string)>.  The function C<DB::dump_trace(skip[,
count])> skips the specified number of frames and returns a list
containing information about the calling frames (all of them, if
C<count> is missing).  Each entry is reference to a hash with
keys C<context> (either C<.>, C<$>, or C<@>), C<sub> (subroutine
name, or info about C<eval>), C<args> (C<undef> or a reference to
an array), C<file>, and C<line>.

The function C<DB::print_trace(FH, skip[, count[, short]])> prints
formatted info about caller frames.  The last two functions may be
convenient as arguments to C<< < >>, C<< << >> commands.

Note that any variables and functions that are not documented in
this manpages (or in L<perldebug>) are considered for internal   
use only, and as such are subject to change without notice.

=head1 Frame Listing Output Examples

The C<frame> option can be used to control the output of frame 
information.  For example, contrast this expression trace:

 $ perl -de 42
 Stack dump during die enabled outside of evals.

 Loading DB routines from perl5db.pl patch level 0.94
 Emacs support available.

 Enter h or `h h' for help.

 main::(-e:1):   0
   DB<1> sub foo { 14 }

   DB<2> sub bar { 3 }

   DB<3> t print foo() * bar()
 main::((eval 172):3):   print foo() + bar();
 main::foo((eval 168):2):
 main::bar((eval 170):2):
 42

with this one, once the C<O>ption C<frame=2> has been set:

   DB<4> O f=2
                frame = '2'
   DB<5> t print foo() * bar()
 3:      foo() * bar()
 entering main::foo
  2:     sub foo { 14 };
 exited main::foo
 entering main::bar
  2:     sub bar { 3 };
 exited main::bar
 42

By way of demonstration, we present below a laborious listing
resulting from setting your C<PERLDB_OPTS> environment variable to
the value C<f=n N>, and running I<perl -d -V> from the command line.
Examples use various values of C<n> are shown to give you a feel
for the difference between settings.  Long those it may be, this
is not a complete listing, but only excerpts.

=over 4

=item 1

  entering main::BEGIN
   entering Config::BEGIN
    Package lib/Exporter.pm.
    Package lib/Carp.pm.
   Package lib/Config.pm.
   entering Config::TIEHASH
   entering Exporter::import
    entering Exporter::export
  entering Config::myconfig
   entering Config::FETCH
   entering Config::FETCH
   entering Config::FETCH
   entering Config::FETCH

=item 2

  entering main::BEGIN
   entering Config::BEGIN
    Package lib/Exporter.pm.
    Package lib/Carp.pm.
   exited Config::BEGIN
   Package lib/Config.pm.
   entering Config::TIEHASH
   exited Config::TIEHASH
   entering Exporter::import
    entering Exporter::export
    exited Exporter::export
   exited Exporter::import
  exited main::BEGIN
  entering Config::myconfig
   entering Config::FETCH
   exited Config::FETCH
   entering Config::FETCH
   exited Config::FETCH
   entering Config::FETCH

=item 4

  in  $=main::BEGIN() from /dev/null:0
   in  $=Config::BEGIN() from lib/Config.pm:2
    Package lib/Exporter.pm.
    Package lib/Carp.pm.
   Package lib/Config.pm.
   in  $=Config::TIEHASH('Config') from lib/Config.pm:644
   in  $=Exporter::import('Config', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from /dev/null:0
    in  $=Exporter::export('Config', 'main', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from li
  in  @=Config::myconfig() from /dev/null:0
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'package') from lib/Config.pm:574
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'baserev') from lib/Config.pm:574
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'PERL_VERSION') from lib/Config.pm:574
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'PERL_SUBVERSION') from lib/Config.pm:574
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'osname') from lib/Config.pm:574
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'osvers') from lib/Config.pm:574

=item 6

  in  $=main::BEGIN() from /dev/null:0
   in  $=Config::BEGIN() from lib/Config.pm:2
    Package lib/Exporter.pm.
    Package lib/Carp.pm.
   out $=Config::BEGIN() from lib/Config.pm:0
   Package lib/Config.pm.
   in  $=Config::TIEHASH('Config') from lib/Config.pm:644
   out $=Config::TIEHASH('Config') from lib/Config.pm:644
   in  $=Exporter::import('Config', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from /dev/null:0
    in  $=Exporter::export('Config', 'main', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from lib/
    out $=Exporter::export('Config', 'main', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from lib/
   out $=Exporter::import('Config', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from /dev/null:0
  out $=main::BEGIN() from /dev/null:0
  in  @=Config::myconfig() from /dev/null:0
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'package') from lib/Config.pm:574
   out $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'package') from lib/Config.pm:574
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'baserev') from lib/Config.pm:574
   out $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'baserev') from lib/Config.pm:574
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'PERL_VERSION') from lib/Config.pm:574
   out $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'PERL_VERSION') from lib/Config.pm:574
   in  $=Config::FETCH(ref(Config), 'PERL_SUBVERSION') from lib/Config.pm:574

=item 14

  in  $=main::BEGIN() from /dev/null:0
   in  $=Config::BEGIN() from lib/Config.pm:2
    Package lib/Exporter.pm.
    Package lib/Carp.pm.
   out $=Config::BEGIN() from lib/Config.pm:0
   Package lib/Config.pm.
   in  $=Config::TIEHASH('Config') from lib/Config.pm:644
   out $=Config::TIEHASH('Config') from lib/Config.pm:644
   in  $=Exporter::import('Config', 'myconfig', 'config_vars') from /dev/null:0