📄 002_13.htm
字号:
<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<!-- saved from url=(0059)http://www.chinagk.org/technology/IPTech/002/css/002_13.htm -->
<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>002_13</TITLE>
<META http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=gb2312">
<STYLE type=text/css>.pg {
LEFT: 0px; WIDTH: 635px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 0px; HEIGHT: 983px
}
BODY {
FONT-SIZE: 13px; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: ""; BACKGROUND-COLOR: #ffffff
}
A {
TEXT-DECORATION: none
}
.ps0 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 163px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 102px
}
.ps1 {
LEFT: 64px; WIDTH: 168px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 123px
}
.ps2 {
LEFT: 261px; WIDTH: 110px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 292px
}
.ps3 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 248px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 329px
}
.ps4 {
LEFT: 64px; WIDTH: 529px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 362px
}
.ps5 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 563px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 383px
}
.ps6 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 556px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 404px
}
.ps7 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 556px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 424px
}
.ps8 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 40px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 445px
}
.ps9 {
LEFT: 64px; WIDTH: 536px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 466px
}
.ps10 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 556px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 486px
}
.ps11 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 556px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 507px
}
.ps12 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 556px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 528px
}
.ps13 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 563px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 548px
}
.ps14 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 563px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 569px
}
.ps15 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 163px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 590px
}
.ps16 {
LEFT: 64px; WIDTH: 529px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 610px
}
.ps17 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 368px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 631px
}
.ps18 {
LEFT: 64px; WIDTH: 529px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 652px
}
.ps19 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 556px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 672px
}
.ps20 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 556px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 693px
}
.ps21 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 556px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 714px
}
.ps22 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 556px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 734px
}
.ps23 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 556px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 755px
}
.ps24 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 556px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 776px
}
.ps25 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 122px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 796px
}
.ps26 {
LEFT: 64px; WIDTH: 529px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 817px
}
.ps27 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 450px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 838px
}
.ps28 {
LEFT: 64px; WIDTH: 153px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 860px
}
.ps29 {
LEFT: 64px; WIDTH: 345px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 879px
}
.ps30 {
LEFT: 422px; WIDTH: 174px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 880px
}
.ps31 {
LEFT: 37px; WIDTH: 556px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 901px
}
.ps32 {
LEFT: 371px; WIDTH: 150px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 54px
}
.ps33 {
LEFT: 541px; WIDTH: 37px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 31px
}
.ps34 {
LEFT: 44px; WIDTH: 43px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 64px
}
.ps35 {
LEFT: 406px; WIDTH: 21px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 181px
}
.ps36 {
LEFT: 160px; WIDTH: 21px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 257px
}
.ps37 {
LEFT: 291px; WIDTH: 53px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 257px
}
.ft1 {
FONT-SIZE: 12px
}
.ft2 {
FONT-SIZE: 11px; FONT-FAMILY: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif
}
.ft3 {
FONT-SIZE: 11px; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman",Times,serif
}
.ft4 {
FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: ""
}
.ft5 {
FONT-WEIGHT: bold; FONT-SIZE: 37px; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman",Times,serif
}
.ft6 {
FONT-SIZE: 21px; COLOR: #000000; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: ""
}
.ft7 {
FONT-SIZE: 11px; COLOR: #000000
}
.em0 {
FONT-SIZE: 11px; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman",Times,serif
}
.em1 {
FONT-SIZE: 13px; FONT-FAMILY: ""
}
.em2 {
FONT-SIZE: 13px; FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: ""
}
.em3 {
FONT-SIZE: 13px; FONT-FAMILY: ""
}
.em4 {
FONT-STYLE: italic; FONT-FAMILY: "Times New Roman",Times,serif
}
.im0 {
LEFT: 33px; WIDTH: 562px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 24px
}
.im1 {
LEFT: 106px; WIDTH: 417px; POSITION: absolute; TOP: 147px
}
</STYLE>
<META content="MSHTML 6.00.2600.0" name=GENERATOR></HEAD>
<BODY>
<DIV class=pg></DIV><!-- bitmap and vector images are written here -->
<DIV class=im0><IMG height=64 src="002_13.files/right.jpg" width=563
border=0></DIV>
<DIV class=im1><IMG height=134 src="002_13.files/002_13_2.jpg" width=417
border=0></DIV><!-- text starts here --><SPAN
class=ps0><NOBR>但是在实际中不应该应用。</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN class=ps1><NOBR>图<SPAN
class=em0>2-9</SPAN>中是<SPAN class=em0>BYE</SPAN>消息的格式。</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps2><NOBR><SPAN class=ft1>图<SPAN class=em0>2-9 RTCP
BYE</SPAN>包</SPAN></NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN class=ps3><NOBR><SPAN class=ft2>2.1.3
<SPAN class=em1>混合器、转换器和其他有趣的设备</SPAN></SPAN></NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps4><NOBR>我们已经提到过混合器、转换器,现在是了解它们的功能和用途的时候了。它们中最简</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps5><NOBR>单的是转换器。它最可能的功能是,在必要时跨越网络边界转换有效载荷类型(也就是说,</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps6><NOBR>转换编码)。它除了使用自己的传输地址作为包的信源之外,并不在其他任何意义上改变包</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps7><NOBR>的标识。包的原始信源在<SPAN
class=em0>SSRC</SPAN>中,它在任何地方都是独一无二的,即使跨越管理边界也是</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps8><NOBR>如此。</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps9><NOBR>如果转换器需要多个原始包以正确地转换编码,它必须使用新的顺序编号。简单地说,</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps10><NOBR>它需要为它所管理的包的每个信源创建和保持会话环境。这种类型的活动也会影响得到的包</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps11><NOBR>的时间戳。在转换编码以后,多个包被合并成一个新的包,这时的抖动计算的处理方法还不</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps12><NOBR>清楚。接收方会知道到达时间,但是新的包的产生时间是有歧义的,除非转换器正确地计算</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps13><NOBR>并将它插入时间戳中。如果转换器吸收了抖动(也就是说,新合成的包有新的时间戳特性),</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps14><NOBR>网络结构在延迟和抖动方面的质量对于端点是不可知的。应该由转换器保存必要的统计数据,</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps15><NOBR>以供网络管理员做出解释。</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps16><NOBR>当转换器为合成的包计算新时间戳时,丢失的包和失序到达的包也会引起对转换器的关</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps17><NOBR>注。在抖动计算的讨论中,将解释它为什么会成为一个问题。</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps18><NOBR>混合器在很多方面就是一个基于包的漏斗,图<SPAN
class=em0>2-10</SPAN>中是它最基本的形式。它从多个信源</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps19><NOBR>接收包,它可能执行介质格式转换,按应用规定的方式混合其内容,继续形成新的包,再把</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps20><NOBR>它发送到目的地。混合器由于其自身的特性,可以为新的流提供同步,它必须把它自己作为</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps21><NOBR>新的<SPAN class=em0>SSRC</SPAN>加入。如前所述,信源自身也在<SPAN
class=em0>CSRC</SPAN>列表中标识出来。假定只能标识<SPAN class=em0>15</SPAN>个贡献信</NOBR></SPAN>
<SPAN class=ps22><NOBR>源,那么混合器的升级将成为一个问题。当多个信源同时有效,而且占据的带宽比混合器出</NOBR></SPAN>
<SPAN class=ps23><NOBR>口可获得的带宽还大时,不可能通过混合器来区分信源的优先次序。<SPAN
class=em0>IETF</SPAN>正在进行的工作要</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps24><NOBR>求使用远程控制机制,以控制通过该漏斗的每个流的速度。这可以通过信令协议的现有功能</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps25><NOBR>或功能扩展来实现。</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps26><NOBR>转换器和混合器有望出现在核心网边缘网关提供的服务中,或者作为连接企业内部网与</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps27><NOBR>公用<SPAN class=em0>VoIP</SPAN>网的某个网关的性能。混合和转换也有望在<SPAN
class=em0>VoIP</SPAN>介质网关中提供。</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN class=ps28><NOBR><SPAN
class=ft3>1. RTP<SPAN class=em2>和</SPAN>RTCP<SPAN
class=em2>问题的讨论</SPAN></SPAN></NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps29><NOBR>在了解一些与基于包网络性能相关的问题之前,首先理解</NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps30><NOBR><SPAN class=ft3>RTCP<SPAN
class=em3>的精神和目标很重要。</SPAN></SPAN></NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN class=ps31><NOBR><SPAN
class=ft3>RTCP<SPAN
class=em3>主要负责为会议的所有参与者实时提供足够精度的统计数据,以便能够做出关于拓扑设</SPAN></SPAN></NOBR></SPAN>
<SPAN class=ps32><NOBR><SPAN class=ft4>第<SPAN
class=em4>2</SPAN>章 包网络的介质传输</SPAN></NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps33><NOBR><SPAN class=ft5>69</SPAN></NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps34><NOBR><SPAN class=ft6>文档</SPAN></NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps35><NOBR><SPAN class=ft7>长度</SPAN></NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps36><NOBR><SPAN class=ft7>长度</SPAN></NOBR></SPAN> <SPAN
class=ps37><NOBR><SPAN class=ft7>离开的原因</SPAN></NOBR></SPAN> </BODY></HTML>
⌨️ 快捷键说明
复制代码
Ctrl + C
搜索代码
Ctrl + F
全屏模式
F11
切换主题
Ctrl + Shift + D
显示快捷键
?
增大字号
Ctrl + =
减小字号
Ctrl + -