📄 第03章 色彩理论与图像文件格式.htm
字号:
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>模式呢？当然不是，这是因为：用</span><span lang=EN-US>CMYK</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>模式工作虽能免除打印色彩方面的失真，但是刷新的速度要<span class=GramE>慢很多</span>。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>因此，是否应用</span><span lang=EN-US>CMYK</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>模式进行编辑的问题实际就是何时进行</span><span lang=EN-US>RGB</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>色彩模式与</span><span lang=EN-US>CMYK</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>色彩模式转换的问题。还是应该先用</span><span lang=EN-US>RGB</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>模式编辑，再用</span><span lang=EN-US>CMYK</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>模式打印，或直到印刷前才进行转换，然后进行必要的校色、锐化和修饰。这虽然使</span><span
lang=EN-US>Photoshop</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>在</span><span
lang=EN-US>CMYK</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>模式下慢了许多，但还是可以节省大部分的编辑时间。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>为了快速预览</span><span lang=EN-US>CMYK</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>模式下图像的显示，而又不想转换模式，可以使用视图菜单下的“校样设置”命令。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>3. Lab模式</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Lab</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>模式是由国际照明委员会（</span><span lang=EN-US>CIE</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>）于</span><span lang=EN-US>1976</span><span style='font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>年公布的一种色彩模式。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Lab</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>模式即不依赖于色光，又不依赖于颜料。它是</span><span lang=EN-US>CIE</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>组织确定的一个理论上包括了人类眼睛可见的所有色彩的色彩模式。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Lab</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>模式由三个通道组成。一个通道是亮度，即</span><span lang=EN-US>L</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>。另外两个通道是色彩通道，用</span><span lang=EN-US>a</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>和</span><span lang=EN-US>b</span><span style='font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>来表示。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt'><span style='font-family:宋体;
mso-hansi-font-family:"\000B "'>从一般性的角度看，在表达色彩的广度上，</span><span lang=EN-US>Lab</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>模式表达色彩的范围最广，其次是</span><span lang=EN-US>RGB</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>模式，而</span><span lang=EN-US>CMYK</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>排在最后。这种关系如下图所示。</span></p>
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<h6><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>色彩表达范围</span></h6>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>事实上，当将</span><span lang=EN-US>RGB</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>模式转换为</span><span lang=EN-US>CMYK</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>模式时，</span><span lang=EN-US>PHOTOSHOP</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>将自动产生一个中间过程，即先将</span><span lang=EN-US>RGB</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>转换为</span><span lang=EN-US>Lab</span><span style='font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>模式，再将</span><span
lang=EN-US>Lab</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>模式转换为</span><span lang=EN-US>CMYK</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>模式。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>4. HSB模式</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>在各种图像处理程序的色彩设置对话框中经常会看到</span><span lang=EN-US>HSB</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>模式，如下图所示，这是</span><span lang=EN-US>Photoshop</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>的<span class=GramE>拾色器</span>对话框与</span><span lang=EN-US>Windows</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>画图程序的编辑颜色对话框，可以看到，在对话框的右下部分都有</span><span lang=EN-US>HSB</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>参数，只不过在画图的编辑颜色对话框中，</span><span lang=EN-US>HSB</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>叫做“色调（</span><span lang=EN-US>E</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>）”、“饱和度（</span><span lang=EN-US>S</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>）”和“亮度（</span><span lang=EN-US>L</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>）”。</span></p>
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<h6><span lang=EN-US>Photoshop</span><span class=GramE><span style='font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>拾色器</span></span><span
lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>画图编辑颜色</span></h6>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>人们从对颜色感知的要素出发，认为感觉到的颜色包含三个要素：色相（色调）、亮度（明度）、饱和度（纯度），也称为颜色三属性。由这三种属性构成的颜色模式，叫</span><span
lang=EN-US>HSB</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>模式。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>人们<span class=GramE>常用色轮来</span>表示色调，<span class=GramE>色轮是</span>表示最基本色调关系的一种形式——色表，如下图所示。</span></p>
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<h6><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>色轮</span></h6>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span class=GramE><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>色轮中</span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>字母代表的<span
class=GramE>色域分别</span>为：</span><span lang=EN-US>A</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>．</span><span style='font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>绿色</span><span
lang=EN-US><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>B</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>．</span><span style='font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>黄色</span><span
lang=EN-US><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>C</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>．</span><span style='font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>红色</span><span
lang=EN-US><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>D</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>．</span><span style='font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>洋红色</span><span
lang=EN-US><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>E</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>．</span><span style='font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>蓝色</span><span
lang=EN-US><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>F</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>．</span><span style='font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>青色</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>饱和度指色彩鲜艳程度，也叫色彩的纯度。最大饱和度时，每一色调的色光最纯。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>亮度是光作用于人眼时所引起的明亮程序的感觉，它与被观察物体的发光程度有关。此外，<span class=GramE>亮度感还与</span>人类视觉系统<span
class=GramE>的视敏函数</span>有关，即便强度相同，不同颜色的光当照射同一物体时也会会产生不同的亮度。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>前面说的饱和度还和亮度有关，因为如果在饱和的色彩中增加了白光的成分，虽然变得更亮了，但颜色看起来反而淡了，也就是说饱和度降低了。如果在某种颜色（色调）的彩色光中，掺入别的彩色光，那么发生变化的不是饱和度，而是色调，即颜色会发生改变。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>需要说明的是，尽管可以使用</span><span lang=EN-US>Photoshop</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>中的</span><span lang=EN-US>HSB</span><span style='font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>模型定义“颜色”面板或“拾色器”对话框中的颜色，但是没有用于创建和编辑图像的</span><span
lang=EN-US>HSB</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>模式。</span></p>
<h3><a name="_Toc75316281"><span lang=EN-US>3.1.2<span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span></a><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Toc75316281'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>其他色彩模式</span></span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
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