📄 第11章 滤镜的使用.htm
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<h1><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>第</span><span lang=EN-US>11</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>章</span><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>滤镜的使用</span></h1>
<h2><span lang=EN-US>11.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span>滤镜的介绍及使用方法</span></h2>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>滤镜是</span><span
lang=EN-US>Photoshop</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>中最具有特色的功能之一，充分利用滤镜的效果，可以使设计者达到事半功倍的效率。滤镜的执行是以像素为单位，通过对像素的调整、变化以达到满意的效果。</span></p>
<h2><span lang=EN-US>11.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes">
</span>Photoshop CS内部滤镜</span></h2>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>充分利用滤镜的各种功能，有助于设计者设计出更加完美的平面作品。</span></p>
<h3><span lang=EN-US>11.2.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>“像素化”滤镜</span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“像素化”子菜单中的滤镜是通过使单元格中颜色值相近的像素结成块来清晰地定义一个选区。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>1. 彩块化</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>使纯色或相近颜色的像素结成相近颜色的像素块。可以使用此滤镜使扫描的图像看起来像手绘图像，或使现实主义图像类似抽象派绘画。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>2. 彩色半调</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“彩色半调”滤镜可以产生版画的效果。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>对于灰度图像，只使用通道</span><span
lang=EN-US>1</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>，对于</span><span lang=EN-US>RGB</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>图像，使用通道</span><span lang=EN-US>1</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span lang=EN-US>2</span><span style='font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>和</span><span
lang=EN-US>3</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>，分别对应于红色、绿色和蓝色通道，对于</span><span
lang=EN-US>CMYK</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>图像，使用所有四个通道，对应于青色、洋红、黄色和黑色通道。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>3. 晶格化</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“晶格化”滤镜能使像素结块形成多边形纯色。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>4. 点状化</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“点状化”滤镜将图像中的颜色分解为随机分布的网点，如同点状化绘画一样，并使用背景色作为网点之间的画布区域。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>5. 碎片</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“碎片”滤镜将创建选区中像素的四个副本，将它们平均，并使其相互偏移。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>6. 铜版雕刻</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“铜版雕刻”滤镜将图像转换为黑白区域的随机图案或彩色图像中完全饱和颜色的随机图案。若要使用此滤镜，请从“铜版雕刻”对话框中的</span><span
lang=EN-US>“</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>类型</span><span lang=EN-US>”</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>菜单选取一种网点图案。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>7. 马赛克</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“马赛克”滤镜使像素结为方形块。给定块中的像素颜色相同，块颜色代表选区中的颜色。</span></p>
<h3><span lang=EN-US>11.2.2<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>“扭曲”滤镜</span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“扭曲”滤镜将图像进行几何扭曲，创建</span><span
lang=EN-US>3D</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>图像或其它整形效果。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>1. 切变</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“切变”滤镜是沿一条曲线扭曲图像，通过拖移框中的线条来指定曲线，形成一条扭曲曲线。可以调整曲线上的任何一点。点按“默认”将曲线恢复为直线。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>2. 挤压</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>挤压选区，正值（最大值是</span><span
lang=EN-US>100%</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>）将选区向中心移动，负值（最小值是</span><span
lang=EN-US>-100%</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>）将选区向外移动。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>3. 极坐标</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“极坐标”滤镜是根据选中的选项，将选区从平面坐标转换到极坐标，或将选区从极坐标转换到平面坐标。可以使用此滤镜创建圆柱变体，当在镜面圆柱中观看圆柱变体中扭曲的图像时，图像是正常的。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>4. 波纹</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“波纹”滤镜是在选区上创建波状起伏的图案，像水池表面的波纹，若要进一步进行控制，在选项里设置波纹的数量和大小。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>5. 球面化</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“球面化”滤镜通过将选区折成球形、扭曲图像以及伸展图像以适合选中的曲线，使对象具有</span><span
lang=EN-US>3D</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>效果。</span></p>
<h3><span lang=EN-US>11.2.3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>“杂色”滤镜</span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“杂色”滤镜是通过添加或移去<span
class=emphasis1><span style='font-weight:normal'>杂色</span></span>或带有随机分布色阶的像素。这有助于将选区混合到周围的像素中。“杂色”滤镜可创建与众不同的纹理或移去图像中有问题的区域。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>1. 中间值</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“中间值”滤镜是通过混合选区中像素的亮度来减少图像的杂色。此滤镜搜索像素选区的半径范围以查找亮度相近的像素，扔掉与相邻像素差异太大的像素，并用搜索到的像素的中间亮度值替换中心像素。此滤镜在消除或减少图像的动感效果时非常有用。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>2. 去斑</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“去斑”滤镜是检测图像的边缘并模糊除边缘外的所有选区。该模糊可移去杂色，同时保留细节。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>3. 添加杂色</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“添加杂色”滤镜是将随机像素应用于图像，模拟在高速胶片上拍照的效果。“添加杂色”滤镜也可用于减少羽化选区或渐进填充中的条纹，或使经过重大修饰的区域看起来更真实。选项包括杂色分布：“平均分布”使用随机数值分布杂色的颜色值以获得细微效果；“高斯分布”沿一条钟形曲线分布杂色的颜色值以获得斑点状的效果。“单色”选项将此滤镜只应用于图像中的色调元素，而不改变颜色。</span></p>
<h3><span lang=EN-US>11.2.4<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>“模糊”滤镜</span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“模糊”滤镜柔化选区或图像，对修饰很有用。它们通过平衡图像中已定义的线条和遮蔽区域的清晰边缘旁边的像素，使变化显得柔和。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>1. 动感模糊</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“动感模糊”滤镜是沿特定方向（从</span><span
lang=EN-US>-360°</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>到</span><span lang=EN-US>+360°</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>）以特定的强度进行模糊处理。该滤镜的效果类似于以固定的曝光时间给移动物体拍照。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>2. 径向模糊</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“径向模糊”滤镜是模拟移动或旋转的相机所产生的模糊，产生一种柔化的模糊。选取“旋转”，沿同心圆环线模糊，然后指定旋转的度；或选取“缩放”，沿径向线模糊，好像是在放大或缩小图像，然后指定</span><span
lang=EN-US>1</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>到</span><span lang=EN-US>100</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>之间的一个数量。模糊的品质范围从“草图”到“好”和“最好”：“草图”产生最快但为粒状的结果，“好”和“最好”产生比较平滑的结果，除非在大选区上，否则看不出这两种品质的区别。通过拖移“中心模糊”框中的图案，指定模糊的原点。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>3. 高斯模糊</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“高斯模糊”滤镜是使用可调整的量快速模糊选区。“高斯”是指当</span><span
lang=EN-US>Adobe</span><span lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:PMingLiU'>
</span><span lang=EN-US>Photoshop</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>将加权平均应用于像素时生成的钟形曲线。“高斯模糊”滤镜添加低频细节，并产生一种朦胧效果。</span></p>
<h3><span lang=EN-US>11.2.5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>“渲染”滤镜</span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“渲染”滤镜在图像中创建</span><span
lang=EN-US>3D</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>形状、云彩图案、折射图案和模拟的光反射。也可在</span><span
lang=EN-US>3D</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>空间中操纵对象，创建</span><span lang=EN-US>3D</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>对象（立方体、球面和圆柱），并从灰度文件创建纹理填充以产生类似</span><span lang=EN-US>3D</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>的光照效果。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>1. 镜头光晕</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“镜头光晕”滤镜是模拟亮光照射到像机镜头所产生的折射。通过点按图像缩览图的任一位置或拖移其十字线，指定光晕中心的位置。</span></p>
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