📄 第05章 色彩与色调的应用.htm
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"Times New Roman"'>可选颜色主要是针对图像印刷而进行的颜色调整，主要用于</span><span lang=EN-US>CMYK</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>颜色的调整，也可以将其用于校正</span><span lang=EN-US>RGB</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>图像以及将要打印的图像。</span></p>
<h3><span lang=EN-US>5.1.5<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>使用颜色通道调整颜色</span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>使用“通道混合器”命令可以通过混合当前颜色通道来改变一个颜色通道的颜色从而完成如下功能：创造某些共创颜色调整工具不易做到的调整效果；从每种颜色通道选择一定的百分比来创造出高质量的灰度图像；创造高质量的棕褐色图像或其他颜色的图像；将图像转换到其他可选的颜色空间；交换或复制通道。</span></p>
<h3><span lang=EN-US>5.1.6<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>渐变映射</span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>渐变映射命令利用索引颜色的方式来给图像着色，渐变映射会以图像的灰度值作为依据，依次将所设置的渐变色彩相对应的进行颜色取代调整，可以将一幅图像的<span
class=GramE>最</span>暗色调映射为一组渐变色的<span class=GramE>最</span>暗色调，将图像最亮色调映射为渐变色的最亮色调。从而将图像的色阶映射为这组渐变色的色阶。</span></p>
<h3><span lang=EN-US>5.1.7<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>变化</span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>“变化”命令可以让用户在调整图像或选区的色彩平衡、对比度和饱和度的同时，看到图像或选区调整前和调整后的缩略图，使调节更为简单、清楚。对于色彩平均、不需要精确调节的图像，是非常适用的。但是要说明的是，这种调整不适用于索引颜色模式的图像。</span></p>
<h2 style='margin-top:7.7pt;margin-right:0cm;margin-bottom:7.7pt;margin-left:
0cm'><span lang=EN-US>5.2<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>调整图像色调</span></h2>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>色调的调整，侧重于图像亮度、对比度和一些特殊调整方面。</span></p>
<h3><span lang=EN-US>5.2.1<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>自动调整</span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span>Photoshop</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>提供了</span><span lang=EN-US>3</span><span style='font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>个对图像进行自动调整的功能，用于对图像整体快速调整。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>1. 自动调整图像的色调</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>选择菜单中的“自动颜色”命令可以自动调整图像的对比度和颜色，中和中间色调并剪切图像颜色中的白色和黑色像素。下图为原图与调整<span
class=GramE>图效果</span>对比。</span></p>
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<h6><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>原图</span><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>调整图</span></h6>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>2. 自动调整颜色的对比度</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>选择菜单中的“图像”</span><span style='font-family:宋体'>→</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>“调整”</span><span style='font-family:宋体'>→</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>“自动对比度”命令，可以自动调整整幅图像中颜色的对比度。因为“自动对比度”<span class=GramE>不</span>个别调整通道，所以不会引入或<span
class=GramE>消除色偏</span>。它将图像中的最亮和最暗像素分别转换为白色和黑色，使<span class=GramE>高光区显得</span>更亮而阴影区显得更暗，从而产生对比分明的效果。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>“自动对比度”命令可以改进许多摄影或色调连续的图像的外观。但对那些色调单一的图像，却不会起什么作用。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>3. 自动校正色彩</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>如果处理的图像对比度不太强，可以选择菜单中的“图像”</span><span style='font-family:
宋体'>→</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“调整”</span><span style='font-family:
宋体'>→</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“自动色阶”命令，</span><span lang=EN-US>Photoshop</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>会自动设置最亮和最暗的像素值，将每个颜色通道中的最亮和最暗像素定义为白色和黑色，然后按比例重新分布中间像素值。因为“自动色阶”单独调整每个颜色通道，所以既可能会消除图像存在的<span
class=GramE>偏色现象</span>也可能使图像产生<span class=GramE>偏色现象</span>。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>需要说明的是这三个自动调整命令对图像的调整一般来说是较粗糙的，要进行细致精确的调整应该使用相应命令在打开的对话框中进行调整，例如相对于自动色彩，可以使用前述的“色相</span><span
lang=EN-US>/</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>饱和度”对话框来调整。</span></p>
<h3><span lang=EN-US>5.2.2<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>调整色阶</span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>色阶调整是通过修改图像的阴影区、中间色调区和高光区的亮度水平来调整图像的色调范围和颜色平衡。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt'><span style='font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>选择菜单中的“图像”</span><span
style='font-family:宋体'>→</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“调整”</span><span
style='font-family:宋体'>→</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“色阶”命令，打开“色阶”对话框，如下图所示。</span></p>
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<h6><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>色阶对话框</span></h6>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>1. 通道</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>在“通道”下拉列表框中，可以选择要进行调整的颜色通道，在</span><span lang=EN-US>RGB</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>色彩模式下，共有四个选项，分别为“</span><span lang=EN-US>RGB</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>”、“红”、“绿”和“蓝”。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>2. 输入色阶</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>在“输入色阶”选项中，可以通过分别设置最暗颜色、中间颜色和最亮颜色的色调值来调整图像的颜色和对比度。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>3. 输出色阶</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>在对话框的下部，有一个“输出色阶”选项。通过设置输出色阶可以减小整幅图像或图像中的选区的颜色对比度。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>输出选项中有两个输出文本框分别对应输出<span class=GramE>滑杆</span>的黑白两个滑块，其含义与输入色阶相同，但作用相反。</span></p>
<h3><span lang=EN-US>5.2.3<span style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>使用曲线调整</span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>“曲线”命令与“色阶”命令都是对图像的色阶进行调整，可以说是异曲同工。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.6pt'><span style='font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>选择菜单中的“图像”</span><span
style='font-family:宋体'>→</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“调整”</span><span
style='font-family:宋体'>→</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>“曲线”命令，打开“曲线”对话框，如下图所示。</span></p>
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<h6><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>曲线对话框</span></h6>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>1. 通道</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>在“通道”下拉列表框中，可以选择</span><span lang=EN-US>RGBA</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>或</span><span lang=EN-US>CMYK</span><span style='font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>模式中的全部颜色通道或某一种颜色<span
class=GramE>通道预以调整</span>，如果选择某一种颜色通道，则调整<span class=GramE>仅作用</span>于该颜色，其他颜色不会产生影响。</span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>2. 调整区</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>对色阶进行调整的是一个矩形区域，在矩形区域的左侧与下方，各有一个灰度色条，水平色条表示原图像中像素的亮度分布从左到右依次为暗色调、中间色调和亮色调。垂直色条表示调整后图像中像素的亮度分布。<span
class=GramE>矩</span></span></p>
<h4><span lang=EN-US>3. 调整图像</span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>可以利用曲线调整图像的亮度与对比度。</span></p>
<h5><span lang=EN-US><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>(1) </span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>调整亮度</span></h5>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>对于图像<span class=GramE>颜色过暗</span>，使曲线向上弯曲，将增加图像的亮度，图像变亮。对于图像颜色过亮，使曲线向下弯曲，将降低图像的亮度，图像变暗。</span></p>
<h5><span lang=EN-US><span style='mso-spacerun:yes'>
</span>(2) </span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>调整对比度</span></h5>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span
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