sshd.0

OpenSSH 是 SSH （Secure SHell） 协议的免费开源实现。它用安全、加密的网络连接工具代替了 telnet、ftp、 rlogin、rsh 和 rcp 工具。OpenSSH 支持

             Specifies that the string is to be added to the environment when
             logging in using this key.  Environment variables set this way
             override other default environment values.  Multiple options of
             this type are permitted.  Environment processing is disabled by
             default and is controlled via the PermitUserEnvironment option.
             This option is automatically disabled if UseLogin is enabled.

     no-port-forwarding
             Forbids TCP/IP forwarding when this key is used for authentica-
             tion.  Any port forward requests by the client will return an er-
             ror.  This might be used, e.g., in connection with the command
             option.

     no-X11-forwarding
             Forbids X11 forwarding when this key is used for authentication.
             Any X11 forward requests by the client will return an error.

     no-agent-forwarding
             Forbids authentication agent forwarding when this key is used for
             authentication.

     no-pty  Prevents tty allocation (a request to allocate a pty will fail).

     permitopen="host:port"
             Limit local ``ssh -L'' port forwarding such that it may only con-
             nect to the specified host and port.  IPv6 addresses can be spec-
             ified with an alternative syntax: host/port.  Multiple permitopen
             options may be applied separated by commas.  No pattern matching
             is performed on the specified hostnames, they must be literal do-
             mains or addresses.

   Examples
     1024 33 12121...312314325 [e-mail]

     from="*.niksula.hut.fi,!pc.niksula.hut.fi" 1024 35 23...2334 ylo@niksula

     command="dump /home",no-pty,no-port-forwarding 1024 33 23...2323 back-
     up.hut.fi

     permitopen="10.2.1.55:80",permitopen="10.2.1.56:25" 1024 33 23...2323

SSH_KNOWN_HOSTS FILE FORMAT
     The /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts and $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts files contain
     host public keys for all known hosts.  The global file should be prepared
     by the administrator (optional), and the per-user file is maintained au-
     tomatically: whenever the user connects from an unknown host its key is
     added to the per-user file.

     Each line in these files contains the following fields: hostnames, bits,
     exponent, modulus, comment.  The fields are separated by spaces.

     Hostnames is a comma-separated list of patterns (`*' and `?' act as wild-
     cards); each pattern in turn is matched against the canonical host name
     (when authenticating a client) or against the user-supplied name (when
     authenticating a server).  A pattern may also be preceded by `!' to indi-
     cate negation: if the host name matches a negated pattern, it is not ac-
     cepted (by that line) even if it matched another pattern on the line.

     Alternately, hostnames may be stored in a hashed form which hides host
     names and addresses should the file's contents be disclosed.  Hashed
     hostnames start with a `|' character.  Only one hashed hostname may ap-
     pear on a single line and none of the above negation or wildcard opera-
     tors may be applied.

     Bits, exponent, and modulus are taken directly from the RSA host key;
     they can be obtained, e.g., from /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub.  The optional
     comment field continues to the end of the line, and is not used.

     Lines starting with `#' and empty lines are ignored as comments.

     When performing host authentication, authentication is accepted if any
     matching line has the proper key.  It is thus permissible (but not recom-
     mended) to have several lines or different host keys for the same names.
     This will inevitably happen when short forms of host names from different
     domains are put in the file.  It is possible that the files contain con-
     flicting information; authentication is accepted if valid information can
     be found from either file.

     Note that the lines in these files are typically hundreds of characters
     long, and you definitely don't want to type in the host keys by hand.
     Rather, generate them by a script or by taking /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub
     and adding the host names at the front.

   Examples

     closenet,...,130.233.208.41 1024 37 159...93 closenet.hut.fi
     cvs.openbsd.org,199.185.137.3 ssh-rsa AAAA1234.....=

     # A hashed hostname
     |1|JfKTdBh7rNbXkVAQCRp4OQoPfmI=|USECr3SWf1JUPsms5AqfD5QfxkM= ssh-rsa
     AAAA1234.....=

FILES
     /etc/ssh/sshd_config
             Contains configuration data for sshd.  The file format and con-
             figuration options are described in sshd_config(5).

     /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key, /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key,
             /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key
             These three files contain the private parts of the host keys.
             These files should only be owned by root, readable only by root,
             and not accessible to others.  Note that sshd does not start if
             this file is group/world-accessible.

     /etc/ssh/ssh_host_key.pub, /etc/ssh/ssh_host_dsa_key.pub,
             /etc/ssh/ssh_host_rsa_key.pub
             These three files contain the public parts of the host keys.
             These files should be world-readable but writable only by root.
             Their contents should match the respective private parts.  These
             files are not really used for anything; they are provided for the
             convenience of the user so their contents can be copied to known
             hosts files.  These files are created using ssh-keygen(1).

     /etc/moduli
             Contains Diffie-Hellman groups used for the "Diffie-Hellman Group
             Exchange".  The file format is described in moduli(5).

     /var/empty
             chroot(2) directory used by sshd during privilege separation in
             the pre-authentication phase.  The directory should not contain
             any files and must be owned by root and not group or world-
             writable.

     /var/run/sshd.pid
             Contains the process ID of the sshd listening for connections (if
             there are several daemons running concurrently for different
             ports, this contains the process ID of the one started last).
             The content of this file is not sensitive; it can be world-read-
             able.

     $HOME/.ssh/authorized_keys
             Lists the public keys (RSA or DSA) that can be used to log into
             the user's account.  This file must be readable by root (which
             may on some machines imply it being world-readable if the user's
             home directory resides on an NFS volume).  It is recommended that
             it not be accessible by others.  The format of this file is de-
             scribed above.  Users will place the contents of their
             identity.pub, id_dsa.pub and/or id_rsa.pub files into this file,
             as described in ssh-keygen(1).

     /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts, $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts
             These files are consulted when using rhosts with RSA host authen-
             tication or protocol version 2 hostbased authentication to check
             the public key of the host.  The key must be listed in one of
             these files to be accepted.  The client uses the same files to
             verify that it is connecting to the correct remote host.  These
             files should be writable only by root/the owner.
             /etc/ssh/ssh_known_hosts should be world-readable, and
             $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts can, but need not be, world-readable.

     /etc/motd
             See motd(5).

     $HOME/.hushlogin
             This file is used to suppress printing the last login time and
             /etc/motd, if PrintLastLog and PrintMotd, respectively, are en-
             abled.  It does not suppress printing of the banner specified by
             Banner.

     /etc/nologin
             If this file exists, sshd refuses to let anyone except root log
             in.  The contents of the file are displayed to anyone trying to
             log in, and non-root connections are refused.  The file should be
             world-readable.

     /etc/hosts.allow, /etc/hosts.deny
             Access controls that should be enforced by tcp-wrappers are de-
             fined here.  Further details are described in hosts_access(5).

     $HOME/.rhosts
             This file is used during RhostsRSAAuthentication and
             HostbasedAuthentication and contains host-username pairs, sepa-
             rated by a space, one per line.  The given user on the corre-
             sponding host is permitted to log in without a password.  The
             same file is used by rlogind and rshd.  The file must be writable
             only by the user; it is recommended that it not be accessible by
             others.

             It is also possible to use netgroups in the file.  Either host or
             user name may be of the form +@groupname to specify all hosts or
             all users in the group.

     $HOME/.shosts
             For ssh, this file is exactly the same as for .rhosts.  However,
             this file is not used by rlogin and rshd, so using this permits
             access using SSH only.

     /etc/hosts.equiv
             This file is used during RhostsRSAAuthentication and
             HostbasedAuthentication authentication.  In the simplest form,
             this file contains host names, one per line.  Users on those
             hosts are permitted to log in without a password, provided they
             have the same user name on both machines.  The host name may also
             be followed by a user name; such users are permitted to log in as
             any user on this machine (except root).  Additionally, the syntax
             ``+@group'' can be used to specify netgroups.  Negated entries
             start with `-'.

             If the client host/user is successfully matched in this file, lo-
             gin is automatically permitted provided the client and server us-
             er names are the same.  Additionally, successful client host key
             authentication is required.  This file must be writable only by
             root; it is recommended that it be world-readable.

             Warning: It is almost never a good idea to use user names in
             hosts.equiv.  Beware that it really means that the named user(s)
             can log in as anybody, which includes bin, daemon, adm, and other
             accounts that own critical binaries and directories.  Using a us-
             er name practically grants the user root access.  The only valid
             use for user names that I can think of is in negative entries.

             Note that this warning also applies to rsh/rlogin.

     /etc/shosts.equiv
             This is processed exactly as /etc/hosts.equiv.  However, this
             file may be useful in environments that want to run both
             rsh/rlogin and ssh.

     $HOME/.ssh/environment
             This file is read into the environment at login (if it exists).
             It can only contain empty lines, comment lines (that start with
             `#'), and assignment lines of the form name=value.  The file
             should be writable only by the user; it need not be readable by
             anyone else.  Environment processing is disabled by default and
             is controlled via the PermitUserEnvironment option.

     $HOME/.ssh/rc
             If this file exists, it is run with /bin/sh after reading the en-
             vironment files but before starting the user's shell or command.
             It must not produce any output on stdout; stderr must be used in-
             stead.  If X11 forwarding is in use, it will receive the "proto
             cookie" pair in its standard input (and DISPLAY in its environ-
             ment).  The script must call xauth(1) because sshd will not run
             xauth automatically to add X11 cookies.

             The primary purpose of this file is to run any initialization
             routines which may be needed before the user's home directory be-
             comes accessible; AFS is a particular example of such an environ-
             ment.

             This file will probably contain some initialization code followed
             by something similar to:

             if read proto cookie && [ -n "$DISPLAY" ]; then
                     if [ `echo $DISPLAY | cut -c1-10` = 'localhost:' ]; then
                             # X11UseLocalhost=yes
                             echo add unix:`echo $DISPLAY |
                                 cut -c11-` $proto $cookie
                     else
                             # X11UseLocalhost=no
                             echo add $DISPLAY $proto $cookie
                     fi | xauth -q -
             fi

             If this file does not exist, /etc/ssh/sshrc is run, and if that
             does not exist either, xauth is used to add the cookie.

             This file should be writable only by the user, and need not be
             readable by anyone else.

     /etc/ssh/sshrc
             Like $HOME/.ssh/rc.  This can be used to specify machine-specific
             login-time initializations globally.  This file should be
             writable only by root, and should be world-readable.

SEE ALSO
     scp(1), sftp(1), ssh(1), ssh-add(1), ssh-agent(1), ssh-keygen(1),
     chroot(2), hosts_access(5), login.conf(5), moduli(5), sshd_config(5),
     inetd(8), sftp-server(8)

     T. Ylonen, T. Kivinen, M. Saarinen, T. Rinne, and S. Lehtinen, SSH
     Protocol Architecture, draft-ietf-secsh-architecture-12.txt, January
     2002, work in progress material.

     M. Friedl, N. Provos, and W. A. Simpson, Diffie-Hellman Group Exchange
     for the SSH Transport Layer Protocol, draft-ietf-secsh-dh-group-
     exchange-02.txt, January 2002, work in progress material.

AUTHORS
     OpenSSH is a derivative of the original and free ssh 1.2.12 release by
     Tatu Ylonen.  Aaron Campbell, Bob Beck, Markus Friedl, Niels Provos, Theo
     de Raadt and Dug Song removed many bugs, re-added newer features and
     created OpenSSH.  Markus Friedl contributed the support for SSH protocol
     versions 1.5 and 2.0.  Niels Provos and Markus Friedl contributed support
     for privilege separation.

OpenBSD 3.6                   September 25, 1999                             9