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class="REPLACEABLE">2,0</var> -dao -useinfo  *.wav</kbd>
</pre>

<p>Make sure that <var class="REPLACEABLE">2.0</var> is set appropriately, as described
in <a href="creating-cds.html#CDRECORD">Section 12.5.4</a>.</p>
</li>
</ol>
</div>

<div class="PROCEDURE">
<p><b>ATAPI Drives</b></p>

<ol type="1">
<li>
<p>The ATAPI CD driver makes each track available as <tt class="FILENAME">/dev/acd<var
class="REPLACEABLE">d</var>t<var class="REPLACEABLE">nn</var></tt>, where <var
class="REPLACEABLE">d</var> is the drive number, and <var class="REPLACEABLE">nn</var> is
the track number written with two decimal digits, prefixed with zero as needed. So the
first track on the first disk is <tt class="FILENAME">/dev/acd0t01</tt>, the second is
<tt class="FILENAME">/dev/acd0t02</tt>, the third is <tt
class="FILENAME">/dev/acd0t03</tt>, and so on.</p>

<p>Make sure the appropriate files exist in <tt class="FILENAME">/dev</tt>.</p>

<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cd /dev</kbd>
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">sh MAKEDEV acd0t99</kbd>
</pre>

<div class="NOTE">
<blockquote class="NOTE">
<p><b>Note:</b> In FreeBSD 5.0, <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
class="REFENTRYTITLE">devfs</span>(5)</span> will automatically create and manage entries
in <tt class="FILENAME">/dev</tt> for you, so it is not necessary to use <tt
class="COMMAND">MAKEDEV</tt>.</p>
</blockquote>
</div>
</li>

<li>
<p>Extract each track using <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
class="REFENTRYTITLE">dd</span>(1)</span>. You must also use a specific block size when
extracting the files.</p>

<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd
class="USERINPUT">dd if=/dev/acd0t01 of=track1.cdr bs=2352</kbd>
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd
class="USERINPUT">dd if=/dev/acd0t02 of=track2.cdr bs=2352</kbd>
...
</pre>
</li>

<li>
<p>Burn the extracted files to disk using <tt class="COMMAND">burncd</tt>. You must
specify that these are audio files, and that <tt class="COMMAND">burncd</tt> should
fixate the disk when finished.</p>

<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">burncd -f <var
class="REPLACEABLE">/dev/acd0c</var> audio track1.cdr track2.cdr <var
class="REPLACEABLE">...</var> fixate</kbd>
</pre>
</li>
</ol>
</div>
</div>

<div class="SECT2">
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="IMAGING-CD" name="IMAGING-CD">12.5.6. Duplicating Data
CDs</a></h2>

<p>You can copy a data CD to a image file that is functionally equivalent to the image
file created with <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/sysutils/mkisofs/pkg-descr"><tt
class="FILENAME">sysutils/mkisofs</tt></a>, and you can use it to duplicate any data CD.
The example given here assumes that your CDROM device is <tt
class="DEVICENAME">acd0</tt>. Substitute your correct CDROM device. A <var
class="LITERAL">c</var> must be appended to the end of the device name to indicate the
entire partition or, in the case of CDROMs, the entire disc.</p>

<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd
class="USERINPUT">dd if=/dev/acd0c of=file.iso bs=2048</kbd>
</pre>

<p>Now that you have an image, you can burn it to CD as described above.</p>
</div>

<div class="SECT2">
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="MOUNTING-CD" name="MOUNTING-CD">12.5.7. Using Data CDs</a></h2>

<p>Now that you have created a standard data CDROM, you probably want to mount it and
read the data on it. By default, <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
class="REFENTRYTITLE">mount</span>(8)</span> assumes that a file system is of type <var
class="LITERAL">ufs</var>. If you try something like:</p>

<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">mount /dev/cd0c /mnt</kbd>
</pre>

<p>you will get a complaint about ``<tt class="ERRORNAME">Incorrect super block</tt>'',
and no mount. The CDROM is not a <var class="LITERAL">UFS</var> file system, so attempts
to mount it as such will fail. You just need to tell <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
class="REFENTRYTITLE">mount</span>(8)</span> that the file system is of type <var
class="LITERAL">ISO9660</var>, and everything will work. You do this by specifying the
<var class="OPTION">-t cd9660</var> option <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
class="REFENTRYTITLE">mount</span>(8)</span>. For example, if you want to mount the CDROM
device, <tt class="DEVICENAME">/dev/cd0c</tt>, under <tt class="FILENAME">/mnt</tt>, you
would execute:</p>

<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">mount -t cd9660 /dev/cd0c /mnt</kbd>
</pre>

<p>Note that your device name (<tt class="DEVICENAME">/dev/cd0c</tt> in this example)
could be different, depending on the interface your CDROM uses. Also, the <var
class="OPTION">-t cd9660</var> option just executes <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
class="REFENTRYTITLE">mount_cd9660</span>(8)</span>. The above example could be shortened
to:</p>

<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">mount_cd9660 /dev/cd0c /mnt</kbd>
</pre>

<p>You can generally use data CDROMs from any vendor in this way. Disks with certain ISO
9660 extensions might behave oddly, however. For example, Joliet disks store all
filenames in two-byte Unicode characters. The FreeBSD kernel does not speak Unicode
(yet!), so non-English characters show up as question marks. (If you are running FreeBSD
4.3 or later, the CD9660 driver includes hooks to load an appropriate Unicode conversion
table on the fly. Modules for some of the common encodings are available via the <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/sysutils/cd9660_unicode/pkg-descr"><tt
class="FILENAME">sysutils/cd9660_unicode</tt></a> port.)</p>

<p>Occasionally, you might get ``<tt class="ERRORNAME">Device not configured</tt>'' when
trying to mount a CDROM. This usually means that the CDROM drive thinks that there is no
disk in the tray, or that the drive is not visible on the bus. It can take a couple of
seconds for a CDROM drive to realize that it has been fed, so be patient.</p>

<p>Sometimes, a SCSI CDROM may be missed because it didn't have enough time to answer the
bus reset. If you have a SCSI CDROM please add the following option to your kernel
configuration and <a href="kernelconfig-building.html">rebuild your kernel</a>.</p>

<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
options SCSI_DELAY=15000
</pre>

<p>This tells your SCSI bus to pause 15 seconds during boot, to give your CDROM drive
every possible chance to answer the bus reset.</p>
</div>

<div class="SECT2">
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="RAWDATA-CD" name="RAWDATA-CD">12.5.8. Burning Raw Data
CDs</a></h2>

<p>You can choose to burn a file directly to CD, without creating an ISO 9660 file
system. Some people do this for backup purposes. This runs more quickly than burning a
standard CD:</p>

<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd
class="USERINPUT">burncd -f /dev/acd1c -s 12 data archive.tar.gz fixate</kbd>
</pre>

<p>In order to retrieve the data burned to such a CD, you must read data from the raw
device node:</p>

<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">tar xzvf /dev/acd1c</kbd>
</pre>

<p>You cannot mount this disk as you would a normal CDROM. Such a CDROM cannot be read
under any operating system except FreeBSD. If you want to be able to mount the CD, or
share data with another operating system, you must use <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/sysutils/mkisofs/pkg-descr"><tt
class="FILENAME">sysutils/mkisofs</tt></a> as described above.</p>
</div>

<div class="SECT2">
<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="ATAPICAM" name="ATAPICAM">12.5.9. Using the ATAPI/CAM
Driver</a></h2>

<p>This driver allows ATAPI devices (CD-ROM, CD-RW, DVD drives etc...) to be accessed
through the SCSI subsystem, and so allows the use of applications like <a
href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/url.cgi?ports/sysutils/cdrdao/pkg-descr"><tt
class="FILENAME">sysutils/cdrdao</tt></a> or <span class="CITEREFENTRY"><span
class="REFENTRYTITLE">cdrecord</span>(1)</span>.</p>

<p>To use this driver, you will need to add the following lines to your kernel
configuration file:</p>

<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
device atapicam
device scbus
device cd
device pass
</pre>

<p>You also need the following lines in your kernel configuration file:</p>

<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
device ata
device atapicd
</pre>

<p>Both of which should already be present.</p>

<p>Then rebuild, install your new kernel, and reboot your machine. During the boot
process, your burner should show up, like so:</p>

<pre class="SCREEN">
acd0: CD-RW &lt;MATSHITA CD-RW/DVD-ROM UJDA740&gt; at ata1-master PIO4
cd0 at ata1 bus 0 target 0 lun 0
cd0: &lt;MATSHITA CDRW/DVD UJDA740 1.00&gt; Removable CD-ROM SCSI-0 device
cd0: 16.000MB/s transfers
cd0: Attempt to query device size failed: NOT READY, Medium not present - tray closed
</pre>

<p>The drive could now be accessed via the <tt class="FILENAME">/dev/cd0</tt> device
name, for example to mount a CD-ROM on <tt class="FILENAME">/mnt</tt>, just type the
following:</p>

<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">mount -t cd9660 <var
class="REPLACEABLE">/dev/cd0c</var> /mnt</kbd>
</pre>

<p>As <tt class="USERNAME">root</tt>, you can run the following command to get the SCSI
address of the burner:</p>

<pre class="SCREEN">
<samp class="PROMPT">#</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">camcontrol devlist</kbd>
&lt;MATSHITA CDRW/DVD UJDA740 1.00&gt;   at scbus1 target 0 lun 0 (pass0,cd0)
</pre>

<p>So <var class="LITERAL">1,0,0</var> will be the SCSI address to use with <span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cdrecord</span>(1)</span> and other SCSI
application.</p>

<p>For more information about ATAPI/CAM and SCSI system, refer to the <span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">atapicam</span>(4)</span> and <span
class="CITEREFENTRY"><span class="REFENTRYTITLE">cam</span>(4)</span> manual pages.</p>
</div>
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