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lang=EN-US>Linux</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>的文件名与</span><span lang=EN-US>DOS</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>有许多相似之处也有其自身的特点。</span><span
lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
mso-char-indent-size:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-size:10.5pt'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US>Linux</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>文件名没有标准格式。通常文件名中可以包含任何字符</span><span
lang=EN-US> (</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>“</span><span lang=EN-US>/</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>”字符除外，“</span><span
lang=EN-US>~</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>”字符不能作为文件名的第一个字符</span><span lang=EN-US>) </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>，文件名的长度限制在</span><span
lang=EN-US>256</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>个字符以内。</span><span lang=EN-US>Linux</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>的文件名也提供了功能强大且精确的通配符。</span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
mso-char-indent-size:10.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>文件的权限是</span><span lang=EN-US>Linux</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>系统安全的核心部分，包括：</span><span
lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
mso-char-indent-size:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-size:10.5pt'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US>1) </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:楷体_GB2312'>Read (</span></b></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:楷体_GB2312;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>可读</span></b></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:楷体_GB2312'>) </span></b></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:楷体_GB2312;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>权限</span></b></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>：表示可以读取文件内的数据。</span><span
lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
mso-char-indent-size:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-size:10.5pt'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US>2) </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:楷体_GB2312'>Write (</span></b></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:楷体_GB2312;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>可写</span></b></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:楷体_GB2312'>) </span></b></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:楷体_GB2312;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>权限</span></b></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>：表示可以改变或删除该文件。</span><span
lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
mso-char-indent-size:10.5pt;mso-char-indent-size:10.5pt'><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US>3) </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:楷体_GB2312'>Execute (</span></b></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:楷体_GB2312;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>可执行</span></b></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-fareast-font-family:楷体_GB2312'>) </span></b></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:楷体_GB2312;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>权限</span></b></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>：表示可以把该文件当成程序执行。</span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
mso-char-indent-size:10.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>除文件权限之外，</span><span lang=EN-US>Linux</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>系统上还有目录和很多其他类型的文件，其中包括特殊文件</span><span
lang=EN-US> (</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>设备</span><span lang=EN-US>) </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span
lang=EN-US>Socket</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>和符号连接等等</span><span lang=EN-US> (</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>平时我们经常使用的</span><span
lang=EN-US>Windows</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>设备如软驱、光驱等在</span><span lang=EN-US>Linux</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>中也是一种特殊的文件</span><span
lang=EN-US>) </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>。</span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
mso-char-indent-size:10.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>拥有</span><span lang=EN-US>root</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>口令的用户称为超级用户，超级用户有权访问整个系统，包括建立普通用户帐号、修改密码、安装与卸载软件等一切权限。超级用户的提示符为“</span><span
lang=EN-US>#</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>”，普通用户提示符为“</span><span lang=EN-US>$</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>”。</span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
mso-char-indent-size:10.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>几个用户在一个系统下共用一个帐号，其个人文件的安全就得不到保障。建立普通用户帐号后，系统能保证用户是唯一能够存取其个人文件的人。另一方面，即使没有与人共享一个系统，建立普通用户帐号也是必要的。因为如果总是以超级用户登录进行操作</span><span
lang=EN-US> (</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>超级用户的权限是整个系统</span><span lang=EN-US>) </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>，一旦出现误操作</span><span
lang=EN-US> (</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>如：破坏或移动、删除一个重要的系统文件</span><span lang=EN-US>) </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>处理起来也很棘手。</span></span></p>
<h4><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><a name="_4._Linux文件系统"></a><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-bidi-font-family:宋体'><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span>4. Linux文件系统<o:p></o:p></span></span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
mso-char-indent-size:10.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
lang=EN-US>Linux</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>的文件系统是文件和目录层次的集合。了解</span><span lang=EN-US>Linux</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>文件系统的结构有助于更好地理解和使用</span><span
lang=EN-US>Linux</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>。在</span><span lang=EN-US>Linux</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>文件系统根目录下，有如下子目录：</span><span
lang=EN-US>bin</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span lang=EN-US>dev</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span
lang=EN-US>etc</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span lang=EN-US>home</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span
lang=EN-US>install</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span lang=EN-US>lib</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span
lang=EN-US>mnt</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span lang=EN-US>proc</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span
lang=EN-US>root</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span lang=EN-US>tmp</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span
lang=EN-US>user</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>、</span><span lang=EN-US>var (</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>不同版本，目录会略有不同</span><span
lang=EN-US>) </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>。</span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
mso-char-indent-size:10.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
lang=EN-US>1) /bin</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>目录</span><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>该目录中存放许多基本的系统程序。</span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
lang=EN-US>2) /dev</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>目录</span><span lang=EN-US><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span></span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>该目录中存放的文件是设备驱动程序，用来访问系统设备和资源，如磁盘设备、调制解调器、内存等。</span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<div align=center>
<table border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='margin-left:6.15pt;
border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<tr style='height:93.05pt;mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
<td width=509 style='width:381.8pt;border:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
height:93.05pt'>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:9.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.0;
mso-char-indent-size:9.0pt;mso-char-indent-size:9pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:黑体'>/dev目录下常用的设备文件：<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:18.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
mso-char-indent-size:9.0pt;mso-char-indent-size:9pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt'>/fd0</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>、</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt'>/fd1</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>：</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt'>/fd0</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>代表第一个软盘，</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt'>/fd1</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>代表第二个软盘。</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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