📄 2-3.htm
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style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>工程</span><span
lang=EN-US> (</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>自由软件基金会</span><span lang=EN-US>) </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>的产物，并且提供了编辑命令行的功能。</span></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:黑体'>csh：<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US>C
Shell</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>。由</span><span lang=EN-US>Berkeley (</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>伯克利大学</span><span
lang=EN-US>) </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>开发，与</span><span lang=EN-US>Bourne Shell</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>在交互式使用上很多是相兼容的，但在程序设计界面上却有很大的不同。它不提供编辑命令行的功能，但它有类似的功能叫命令历史记录。</span></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:黑体'>ksh：<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US>Korn
Shell</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>。在</span><span lang=EN-US>UNIX</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>系统下得到普遍使用，并最早将现代</span><span
lang=EN-US>Shell</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>技术</span><span lang=EN-US> (</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>包括取自</span><span
lang=EN-US>C Shell</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>的部分</span><span lang=EN-US>) </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>引入</span><span
lang=EN-US>Bourne Shell</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>，提供了编辑命令行功能。</span></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:黑体'>sh：<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US>Bourne
Shell</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>。是原始的</span><span lang=EN-US>Shell</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>，不提供编辑命令行功能。</span></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:黑体'>tcsh：<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US>C
Shell</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>的加强版，提供了编辑命令行的功能。</span></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-family:黑体'>zsh：<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US>Z
Shell</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>。最新的</span><span lang=EN-US>Shell</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>，与</span><span
lang=EN-US>Bourne Shell</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>兼容，提供编辑命令行的功能。</span></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<table border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 style='margin-left:6.2pt;
border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt'>
<tr style='height:90.95pt;mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes'>
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<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:18.05pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
mso-char-indent-size:9.0pt;mso-char-indent-size:9pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Toc36437042'><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:黑体;
color:red'>POSIX标准</span></b></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><b><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:red'>：</span></b></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-font-kerning:0pt'>POSIX</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>表示可移植操作系统接口</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-font-kerning:0pt'> (Portable Operating System Interface</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-kerning:0pt'>，缩写为</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-font-kerning:0pt'>POSIX</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-kerning:0pt'>是为了读音更像</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-font-kerning:0pt'>UNIX) </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-kerning:0pt'>。电气和电子工程师协会</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-font-kerning:0pt'>
(IEEE) </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>最初开发</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-font-kerning:0pt'>POSIX </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>标准，是为了提高</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-font-kerning:0pt'>UNIX</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>环境下应用程序的可移植性。然而，</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-font-kerning:0pt'>POSIX</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>并不局限于</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-font-kerning:0pt'>UNIX</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>。许多其它的操作系统，例如</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-font-kerning:0pt'>DEC OpenVMS</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:
_Toc36437042'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:
0pt'>和</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-font-kerning:0pt'>Microsoft Windows NT</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-kerning:0pt'>，都支持</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-font-kerning:0pt'>POSIX</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-kerning:0pt'>标准，尤其是</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-font-kerning:0pt'>IEEE Std. 1003.1-1990
(1995</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>年修订</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-font-kerning:0pt'>) </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>或</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-font-kerning:0pt'>POSIX.1</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>，</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-font-kerning:0pt'>POSIX.1</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>提供了源代码级别的</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-font-kerning:0pt'>C</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>语言应用编程接口</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-font-kerning:0pt'> (API) </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>给操作系统的服务程序，例如读写文件。</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-font-kerning:0pt'>POSIX.1 </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>已经被国际标准化组织</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-font-kerning:0pt'> (ISO) </span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-font-kerning:0pt'>所接受，被命名为</span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt;
mso-font-kerning:0pt'> ISO/IEC 9945-1:1990 </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-font-kerning:0pt'>标准。</span></span><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
style='font-size:9.0pt;mso-font-kerning:0pt'> </span></span><span
style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span lang=EN-US> </span></span></p>
<h4><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><a name="_3._Linux系统的文件、目录和权限"></a><span
lang=EN-US style='mso-bidi-font-family:宋体'><span style="mso-spacerun:
yes"> </span>3. Linux系统的文件、目录和权限<o:p></o:p></span></span></h4>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;
mso-char-indent-size:10.5pt'><span style='mso-bookmark:_Toc36437042'><span
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