installation-alpha.txt

标准模板库自修教程与参考手册 STL进行C++编程.我的代码发完了

              FreeBSD/alpha 5.0-CURRENT Installation Instructions

  The FreeBSD Project

   Copyright (c) 2000, 2001, 2002 by The FreeBSD Documentation Project

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

     This article gives some brief instructions on installing FreeBSD/alpha
     5.0-CURRENT, with particular emphasis given to obtaining a FreeBSD
     distribution. Some notes on troubleshooting and frequently-asked
     questions are also given.

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

                              1 Installing FreeBSD

   This section documents the process of installing a new distribution of
   FreeBSD. These instructions pay particular emphasis to the process of
   obtaining the FreeBSD 5.0-CURRENT distribution and to beginning the
   installation procedure. The ``Installing FreeBSD'' chapter of the FreeBSD
   Handbook provides more in-depth information about the installation program
   itself, including a guided walkthrough with screenshots.

   If you are upgrading from a previous release of FreeBSD, please see
   Section 3 for instructions on upgrading.

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

1.1 Getting Started

   Probably the most important pre-installation step that can be taken is
   that of reading the various instruction documents provided with FreeBSD. A
   roadmap of documents pertaining to this release of FreeBSD can be found in
   README.TXT, which can usually be found in the same location as this file;
   most of these documents, such as the release notes and the hardware
   compatibility list, are also accessible in the Documentation menu of the
   installer.

   Note that on-line versions of the FreeBSD FAQ and Handbook are also
   available from the FreeBSD Project Web site, if you have an Internet
   connection.

   This collection of documents may seem daunting, but the time spent reading
   them will likely be saved many times over. Being familiar with what
   resources are available can also be helpful in the event of problems
   during installation.

   The best laid plans sometimes go awry, so if you run into trouble take a
   look at Section 4, which contains valuable troubleshooting information.
   You should also read an updated copy of ERRATA.TXT before installing,
   since this will alert you to any problems which have reported in the
   interim for your particular release.

     Important: While FreeBSD does its best to safeguard against accidental
     loss of data, it's still more than possible to wipe out your entire disk
     with this installation if you make a mistake. Please do not proceed to
     the final FreeBSD installation menu unless you've adequately backed up
     any important data first.

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

1.2 Hardware Requirements

   FreeBSD for the Alpha/AXP supports the platforms described in
   HARDWARE.TXT.

   You will need a dedicated disk for FreeBSD/alpha. It is not possible to
   share a disk with another operating system at this time. This disk will
   need to be attached to a SCSI controller which is supported by the SRM
   firmware or an IDE disk assuming the SRM in your machine supports booting
   from IDE disks.

   Your root filesystem MUST be the first partition (partition a) on the disk
   to be bootable.

   You will need the SRM console firmware for your platform. In some cases,
   it is possible to switch between AlphaBIOS (or ARC) firmware and SRM. In
   others it will be necessary to download new firmware from the vendor's Web
   site.

   If you are not familiar with configuring hardware for FreeBSD, you should
   be sure to read the HARDWARE.TXT file; it contains important information
   on what hardware is supported by FreeBSD.

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

1.3 Floppy Disk Image Instructions

   Depending on how you choose to install FreeBSD, you may need to create a
   set of floppy disks (usually two) to begin the installation process. This
   section briefly describes how to create these disks, either from a CDROM
   installation or from the Internet. Note that in the common case of
   installing FreeBSD from CDROM, on a machine that supports bootable CDROMs,
   the steps outlined in this section will not be needed and can be skipped.

   For a normal CDROM or network installation, all you need to copy onto
   actual floppies from the floppies/ directory are the kern.flp and
   mfsroot.flp images (for 1.44MB floppies).

   Getting these images over the network is easy. Simply fetch the
   release/floppies/kern.flp and release/floppies/mfsroot.flp files from
   ftp://current.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ or one of the many mirrors listed
   at FTP Sites section of the Handbook, or on the
   http://www.freebsdmirrors.org/ Web pages.

   Get two blank, freshly formatted floppies and image copy kern.flp onto one
   and mfsroot.flp onto the other. These images are not DOS files. You cannot
   simply copy them to a DOS or UFS floppy as regular files, you need to
   ``image'' copy them to the floppy with fdimage.exe under DOS (see the
   tools directory on your CDROM or FreeBSD FTP mirror) or the dd(1) command
   in UNIX.

   For example, to create the kernel floppy image from DOS, you'd do
   something like this:

     C> fdimage kern.flp a:

   Assuming that you'd copied fdimage.exe and kern.flp into a directory
   somewhere. You would do the same for mfsroot.flp, of course.

   If you're creating the boot floppy from a UNIX machine, you may find that:

     # dd if=floppies/kern.flp of=/dev/rfd0

   or

     # dd if=floppies/kern.flp of=/dev/floppy

   work well, depending on your hardware and operating system environment
   (different versions of UNIX have different names for the floppy drive).

   If you're on an alpha machine that can network-boot its floppy images or
   you have a 2.88MB or LS-120 floppy capable of taking a 2.88MB image on an
   x86 machine, you may wish to use the single (but twice as large) boot.flp
   image. It contains the contents of kern.flp and mfsroot.flp on a single
   floppy. This file should also be used as the boot file for those mastering
   ``El Torito'' bootable CD images. See the mkisofs(8) command for more
   information.

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

1.4 Installing FreeBSD from CDROM or the Internet

   The easiest type of installation is from CDROM. If you have a supported
   CDROM drive and a FreeBSD installation CDROM, you can boot FreeBSD
   directly from the CDROM. Insert the CDROM into the drive and type the
   following command to start the installation (substituting the name of the
   appropriate CDROM drive if necessary):

     >>>boot dka0

   Alternatively you can boot the installation from floppy disk. You should
   start the installation by building a set of FreeBSD boot floppies from the
   files floppies/kern.flp and floppies/mfsroot.flp using the instructions
   found in Section 1.3. From the SRM console prompt (>>>), just insert the
   kern.flp floppy and type the following command to start the installation:

     >>>boot dva0

   Insert the mfsroot.flp floppy when prompted and you will end up at the
   first screen of the install program.

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

1.5 Detail on various installation types

   Once you've gotten yourself to the initial installation screen somehow,
   you should be able to follow the various menu prompts and go from there.
   If you've never used the FreeBSD installation before, you are also
   encouraged to read some of the documentation in the Documentation submenu
   as well as the general ``Usage'' instructions on the first menu.

     Note: If you get stuck at a screen, press the F1 key for online
     documentation relevant to that specific section.

   If you've never installed FreeBSD before, or even if you have, the
   ``Standard'' installation mode is the most recommended since it makes sure
   that you'll visit all the various important checklist items along the way.
   If you're much more comfortable with the FreeBSD installation process and
   know exactly what you want to do, use the ``Express'' or ``Custom''
   installation options. If you're upgrading an existing system, use the
   ``Upgrade'' option.

   The FreeBSD installer supports the direct use of floppy, DOS, tape, CDROM,
   FTP, NFS and UFS partitions as installation media; further tips on
   installing from each type of media are listed below.

   Once the install procedure has finished, you will be able to start
   FreeBSD/alpha by typing something like this to the SRM prompt:

     >>>boot dkc0

   This instructs the firmware to boot the specified disk. To find the SRM
   names of disks in your machine, use the show device command:

     >>>show device
     dka0.0.0.4.0               DKA0           TOSHIBA CD-ROM XM-57  3476
     dkc0.0.0.1009.0            DKC0                       RZ1BB-BS  0658
     dkc100.1.0.1009.0          DKC100             SEAGATE ST34501W  0015
     dva0.0.0.0.1               DVA0
     ewa0.0.0.3.0               EWA0              00-00-F8-75-6D-01
     pkc0.7.0.1009.0            PKC0                  SCSI Bus ID 7  5.27
     pqa0.0.0.4.0               PQA0                       PCI EIDE
     pqb0.0.1.4.0               PQB0                       PCI EIDE

   This example is from a Digital Personal Workstation 433au and shows three
   disks attached to the machine. The first is a CDROM called dka0 and the
   other two are disks and are called dkc0 and dkc100 respectively.

   You can specify which kernel file to load and what boot options to use
   with the -file and -flags options, for example:

     >>> boot -file kernel.old -flags s

   To make FreeBSD/alpha boot automatically, use these commands:

     >>> set boot_osflags a
     >>> set bootdef_dev dkc0
     >>> set auto_action BOOT

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

  1.5.1 Installing from a Network CDROM

   If you simply wish to install from a local CDROM drive then see Section
   1.4. If you don't have a CDROM drive on your system and wish to use a
   FreeBSD distribution CD in the CDROM drive of another system to which you
   have network connectivity, there are also several ways of going about it:

     * If you would be able to FTP install FreeBSD directly from the CDROM
       drive in some FreeBSD machine, it's quite easy: You simply add the
       following line to the password file (using the vipw(8) command):

     ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/sbin/nologin

       On the machine on which you are running the install, go to the Options
       menu and set Release Name to any. You may then choose a Media type of
       FTP and type in ftp://machine after picking ``URL'' in the ftp sites
       menu.

         Warning: This may allow anyone on the local network (or Internet) to
         make ``anonymous FTP'' connections to this machine, which may not be
         desirable.

     * If you would rather use NFS to export the CDROM directly to the
       machine(s) you'll be installing from, you need to first add an entry
       to the /etc/exports file (on the machine with the CDROM drive). The
       example below allows the machine ziggy.foo.com to mount the CDROM
       directly via NFS during installation:

     /cdrom          -ro             ziggy.foo.com

       The machine with the CDROM must also be configured as an NFS server,
       of course, and if you're not sure how to do that then an NFS
       installation is probably not the best choice for you unless you're
       willing to read up on rc.conf(5) and configure things appropriately.
       Assuming that this part goes smoothly, you should be able to enter:
       cdrom-host:/cdrom as the path for an NFS installation when the target
       machine is installed, e.g. wiggy:/cdrom.

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

  1.5.2 Installing from Floppies

   If you must install from floppy disks, either due to unsupported hardware
   or just because you enjoy doing things the hard way, you must first
   prepare some floppies for the install.

   First, make your boot floppies as described in Section 1.3.

   Second, peruse Section 2 and pay special attention to the ``Distribution
   Format'' section since it describes which files you're going to need to
   put onto floppy and which you can safely skip.

   Next you will need, at minimum, as many 1.44MB floppies as it takes to
   hold all files in the bin (binary distribution) directory. If you're
   preparing these floppies under DOS, then these floppies must be formatted
   using the MS-DOS FORMAT command. If you're using Windows, use the Windows
   File Manager format command.

     Important: Frequently, floppy disks come ``factory preformatted''. While
     convenient, many problems reported by users in the past have resulted
     from the use of improperly formatted media. Re-format them yourself,
     just to make sure.

   If you're creating the floppies from another FreeBSD machine, a format is
   still not a bad idea though you don't need to put a DOS filesystem on each
   floppy. You can use the disklabel(8) and newfs(8) commands to put a UFS
   filesystem on a floppy, as the following sequence of commands illustrates:

     # fdformat -f 1440 fd0.1440
     # disklabel -w -r fd0.1440 floppy3
     # newfs -t 2 -u 18 -l 1 -i 65536 /dev/fd0

   After you've formatted the floppies for DOS or UFS, you'll need to copy
   the files onto them. The distribution files are split into chunks
   conveniently sized so that 5 of them will fit on a conventional 1.44MB
   floppy. Go through all your floppies, packing as many files as will fit on
   each one, until you've got all the distributions you want packed up in
   this fashion. Each distribution should go into its own subdirectory on the
   floppy, e.g.: a:\bin\bin.inf, a:\bin\bin.aa, a:\bin\bin.ab, ...

     Important: The bin.inf file also needs to go on the first floppy of the
     bin set since it is read by the installation program in order to figure
     out how many additional pieces to look for when fetching and
     concatenating the distribution. When putting distributions onto
     floppies, the distname.inf file must occupy the first floppy of each
     distribution set. This is also covered in README.TXT.

   Once you come to the Media screen of the install, select ``Floppy'' and