installation-i386.txt

标准模板库自修教程与参考手册 STL进行C++编程.我的代码发完了

               FreeBSD/i386 5.0-CURRENT Installation Instructions

  The FreeBSD Project

   Copyright (c) 2000, 2001, 2002 by The FreeBSD Documentation Project

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

     This article gives some brief instructions on installing FreeBSD/i386
     5.0-CURRENT, with particular emphasis given to obtaining a FreeBSD
     distribution. Some notes on troubleshooting and frequently-asked
     questions are also given.

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

                              1 Installing FreeBSD

   This section documents the process of installing a new distribution of
   FreeBSD. These instructions pay particular emphasis to the process of
   obtaining the FreeBSD 5.0-CURRENT distribution and to beginning the
   installation procedure. The ``Installing FreeBSD'' chapter of the FreeBSD
   Handbook provides more in-depth information about the installation program
   itself, including a guided walkthrough with screenshots.

   If you are upgrading from a previous release of FreeBSD, please see
   Section 3 for instructions on upgrading.

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

1.1 Getting Started

   Probably the most important pre-installation step that can be taken is
   that of reading the various instruction documents provided with FreeBSD. A
   roadmap of documents pertaining to this release of FreeBSD can be found in
   README.TXT, which can usually be found in the same location as this file;
   most of these documents, such as the release notes and the hardware
   compatibility list, are also accessible in the Documentation menu of the
   installer.

   Note that on-line versions of the FreeBSD FAQ and Handbook are also
   available from the FreeBSD Project Web site, if you have an Internet
   connection.

   This collection of documents may seem daunting, but the time spent reading
   them will likely be saved many times over. Being familiar with what
   resources are available can also be helpful in the event of problems
   during installation.

   The best laid plans sometimes go awry, so if you run into trouble take a
   look at Section 4, which contains valuable troubleshooting information.
   You should also read an updated copy of ERRATA.TXT before installing,
   since this will alert you to any problems which have reported in the
   interim for your particular release.

     Important: While FreeBSD does its best to safeguard against accidental
     loss of data, it's still more than possible to wipe out your entire disk
     with this installation if you make a mistake. Please do not proceed to
     the final FreeBSD installation menu unless you've adequately backed up
     any important data first.

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

1.2 Hardware Requirements

   FreeBSD for the IA-32 requires a 386 or better processor to run (sorry,
   there is no support for 286 processors) and at least 5 megs of RAM to
   install and 4 megs of RAM to run. You will need at least 100MB of free
   hard drive space for the most minimal installation. See below for ways of
   shrinking existing DOS partitions in order to install FreeBSD.

   If you are not familiar with configuring hardware for FreeBSD, you should
   be sure to read the HARDWARE.TXT file; it contains important information
   on what hardware is supported by FreeBSD.

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

1.3 Floppy Disk Image Instructions

   Depending on how you choose to install FreeBSD, you may need to create a
   set of floppy disks (usually two) to begin the installation process. This
   section briefly describes how to create these disks, either from a CDROM
   installation or from the Internet. Note that in the common case of
   installing FreeBSD from CDROM, on a machine that supports bootable CDROMs,
   the steps outlined in this section will not be needed and can be skipped.

   For a normal CDROM or network installation, all you need to copy onto
   actual floppies from the floppies/ directory are the kern.flp and
   mfsroot.flp images (for 1.44MB floppies).

   Getting these images over the network is easy. Simply fetch the
   release/floppies/kern.flp and release/floppies/mfsroot.flp files from
   ftp://current.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/ or one of the many mirrors listed
   at FTP Sites section of the Handbook, or on the
   http://www.freebsdmirrors.org/ Web pages.

   Get two blank, freshly formatted floppies and image copy kern.flp onto one
   and mfsroot.flp onto the other. These images are not DOS files. You cannot
   simply copy them to a DOS or UFS floppy as regular files, you need to
   ``image'' copy them to the floppy with fdimage.exe under DOS (see the
   tools directory on your CDROM or FreeBSD FTP mirror) or the dd(1) command
   in UNIX.

   For example, to create the kernel floppy image from DOS, you'd do
   something like this:

     C> fdimage kern.flp a:

   Assuming that you'd copied fdimage.exe and kern.flp into a directory
   somewhere. You would do the same for mfsroot.flp, of course.

   If you're creating the boot floppy from a UNIX machine, you may find that:

     # dd if=floppies/kern.flp of=/dev/rfd0

   or

     # dd if=floppies/kern.flp of=/dev/floppy

   work well, depending on your hardware and operating system environment
   (different versions of UNIX have different names for the floppy drive).

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

1.4 Installing FreeBSD from CDROM or the Internet

   The easiest type of installation is from CDROM. If you have a supported
   CDROM drive and a FreeBSD installation CDROM, there are 2 ways of starting
   the installation from it:

     * If your system supports bootable CDROM media (usually an option which
       can be selectively enabled in the controller's setup menu or in the PC
       BIOS for some systems) and you have it enabled, FreeBSD supports the
       ``El Torito'' bootable CD standard. Simply put the installation CD in
       your CDROM drive and boot the system to begin installation.

     * Build a set of FreeBSD boot floppies from the floppies/ directory in
       every FreeBSD distribution. Either simply use the makeflp.bat script
       from DOS or read Section 1.3 for more information on creating the
       bootable floppies under different operating systems. Then you simply
       boot from the first floppy and you should soon be in the FreeBSD
       installation.

   If you don't have a CDROM (or your computer does not support booting from
   CDROM) and would like to simply install over the net using PPP, SLIP or a
   dedicated connection. You should start the installation by building a set
   of FreeBSD boot floppies from the files floppies/kern.flp and
   floppies/mfsroot.flp using the instructions found in Section 1.3. Restart
   your computer using the kern.flp disk; when prompted, insert the
   mfsroot.flp disk. Then, please go to Section 1.5.5 for additional tips on
   installing via FTP or NFS.

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

1.5 Detail on various installation types

   Once you've gotten yourself to the initial installation screen somehow,
   you should be able to follow the various menu prompts and go from there.
   If you've never used the FreeBSD installation before, you are also
   encouraged to read some of the documentation in the Documentation submenu
   as well as the general ``Usage'' instructions on the first menu.

     Note: If you get stuck at a screen, press the F1 key for online
     documentation relevant to that specific section.

   If you've never installed FreeBSD before, or even if you have, the
   ``Standard'' installation mode is the most recommended since it makes sure
   that you'll visit all the various important checklist items along the way.
   If you're much more comfortable with the FreeBSD installation process and
   know exactly what you want to do, use the ``Express'' or ``Custom''
   installation options. If you're upgrading an existing system, use the
   ``Upgrade'' option.

   The FreeBSD installer supports the direct use of floppy, DOS, tape, CDROM,
   FTP, NFS and UFS partitions as installation media; further tips on
   installing from each type of media are listed below.

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

  1.5.1 Installing from a Network CDROM

   If you simply wish to install from a local CDROM drive then see Section
   1.4. If you don't have a CDROM drive on your system and wish to use a
   FreeBSD distribution CD in the CDROM drive of another system to which you
   have network connectivity, there are also several ways of going about it:

     * If you would be able to FTP install FreeBSD directly from the CDROM
       drive in some FreeBSD machine, it's quite easy: You simply add the
       following line to the password file (using the vipw(8) command):

     ftp:*:99:99::0:0:FTP:/cdrom:/sbin/nologin

       On the machine on which you are running the install, go to the Options
       menu and set Release Name to any. You may then choose a Media type of
       FTP and type in ftp://machine after picking ``URL'' in the ftp sites
       menu.

         Warning: This may allow anyone on the local network (or Internet) to
         make ``anonymous FTP'' connections to this machine, which may not be
         desirable.

     * If you would rather use NFS to export the CDROM directly to the
       machine(s) you'll be installing from, you need to first add an entry
       to the /etc/exports file (on the machine with the CDROM drive). The
       example below allows the machine ziggy.foo.com to mount the CDROM
       directly via NFS during installation:

     /cdrom          -ro             ziggy.foo.com

       The machine with the CDROM must also be configured as an NFS server,
       of course, and if you're not sure how to do that then an NFS
       installation is probably not the best choice for you unless you're
       willing to read up on rc.conf(5) and configure things appropriately.
       Assuming that this part goes smoothly, you should be able to enter:
       cdrom-host:/cdrom as the path for an NFS installation when the target
       machine is installed, e.g. wiggy:/cdrom.

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

  1.5.2 Installing from Floppies

   If you must install from floppy disks, either due to unsupported hardware
   or just because you enjoy doing things the hard way, you must first
   prepare some floppies for the install.

   First, make your boot floppies as described in Section 1.3.

   Second, peruse Section 2 and pay special attention to the ``Distribution
   Format'' section since it describes which files you're going to need to
   put onto floppy and which you can safely skip.

   Next you will need, at minimum, as many 1.44MB floppies as it takes to
   hold all files in the bin (binary distribution) directory. If you're
   preparing these floppies under DOS, then these floppies must be formatted
   using the MS-DOS FORMAT command. If you're using Windows, use the Windows
   File Manager format command.

     Important: Frequently, floppy disks come ``factory preformatted''. While
     convenient, many problems reported by users in the past have resulted
     from the use of improperly formatted media. Re-format them yourself,
     just to make sure.

   If you're creating the floppies from another FreeBSD machine, a format is
   still not a bad idea though you don't need to put a DOS filesystem on each
   floppy. You can use the disklabel(8) and newfs(8) commands to put a UFS
   filesystem on a floppy, as the following sequence of commands illustrates:

     # fdformat -f 1440 fd0.1440
     # disklabel -w -r fd0.1440 floppy3
     # newfs -t 2 -u 18 -l 1 -i 65536 /dev/fd0

   After you've formatted the floppies for DOS or UFS, you'll need to copy
   the files onto them. The distribution files are split into chunks
   conveniently sized so that 5 of them will fit on a conventional 1.44MB
   floppy. Go through all your floppies, packing as many files as will fit on
   each one, until you've got all the distributions you want packed up in
   this fashion. Each distribution should go into its own subdirectory on the
   floppy, e.g.: a:\bin\bin.inf, a:\bin\bin.aa, a:\bin\bin.ab, ...

     Important: The bin.inf file also needs to go on the first floppy of the
     bin set since it is read by the installation program in order to figure
     out how many additional pieces to look for when fetching and
     concatenating the distribution. When putting distributions onto
     floppies, the distname.inf file must occupy the first floppy of each
     distribution set. This is also covered in README.TXT.

   Once you come to the Media screen of the install, select ``Floppy'' and
   you'll be prompted for the rest.

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

  1.5.3 Installing from a DOS partition

   To prepare for installation from an MS-DOS partition you should simply
   copy the files from the distribution into a directory called FREEBSD on
   the Primary DOS partition (C:). For example, to do a minimal installation
   of FreeBSD from DOS using files copied from the CDROM, you might do
   something like this:

     C:\> MD C:\FREEBSD
     C:\> XCOPY /S E:\BIN C:\FREEBSD\BIN

   Assuming that E: was where your CD was mounted.

   For as many distributions as you wish to install from DOS (and you have
   free space for), install each one in a directory under C:\FREEBSD - the
   BIN dist is only the minimal requirement.

   Once you've copied the directories, you can simply launch the installation
   from floppies as normal and select ``DOS'' as your media type when the
   time comes.

     ----------------------------------------------------------------------

  1.5.4 Installing from QIC/SCSI Tape

   When installing from tape, the installation program expects the files to
   be simply tar'ed onto it, so after fetching all of the files for the
   distributions you're interested in, simply use tar(1) to get them onto the
   tape with a command something like this:

     # cd /where/you/have/your/dists
     # tar cvf /dev/rsa0 dist1 .. dist2

   When you go to do the installation, you should also make sure that you
   leave enough room in some temporary directory (which you'll be allowed to
   choose) to accommodate the full contents of the tape you've created. Due
   to the non-random access nature of tapes, this method of installation
   requires quite a bit of temporary storage. You should expect to require as
   much temporary storage as you have stuff written on tape.

     Note: When going to do the installation, the tape must be in the drive
     before booting from the boot floppies. The installation ``probe'' may