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<title>5.2 cmath -- Mathematical functions for complex numbers</title>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION007200000000000000000">
5.2 <tt class="module">cmath</tt> --
         Mathematical functions for complex numbers</A>
</H1>

<P>


<P>
This module is always available.  It provides access to mathematical
functions for complex numbers.  The functions are:

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-711'><tt class='function'>acos</tt></a></b> (<var>x</var>)
<dd>
Return the arc cosine of <var>x</var>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-712'><tt class='function'>acosh</tt></a></b> (<var>x</var>)
<dd>
Return the hyperbolic arc cosine of <var>x</var>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-713'><tt class='function'>asin</tt></a></b> (<var>x</var>)
<dd>
Return the arc sine of <var>x</var>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-714'><tt class='function'>asinh</tt></a></b> (<var>x</var>)
<dd>
Return the hyperbolic arc sine of <var>x</var>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-715'><tt class='function'>atan</tt></a></b> (<var>x</var>)
<dd>
Return the arc tangent of <var>x</var>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-716'><tt class='function'>atanh</tt></a></b> (<var>x</var>)
<dd>
Return the hyperbolic arc tangent of <var>x</var>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-717'><tt class='function'>cos</tt></a></b> (<var>x</var>)
<dd>
Return the cosine of <var>x</var>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-718'><tt class='function'>cosh</tt></a></b> (<var>x</var>)
<dd>
Return the hyperbolic cosine of <var>x</var>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-719'><tt class='function'>exp</tt></a></b> (<var>x</var>)
<dd>
Return the exponential value <code>e**<var>x</var></code>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-720'><tt class='function'>log</tt></a></b> (<var>x</var>)
<dd>
Return the natural logarithm of <var>x</var>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-721'><tt class='function'>log10</tt></a></b> (<var>x</var>)
<dd>
Return the base-10 logarithm of <var>x</var>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-722'><tt class='function'>sin</tt></a></b> (<var>x</var>)
<dd>
Return the sine of <var>x</var>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-723'><tt class='function'>sinh</tt></a></b> (<var>x</var>)
<dd>
Return the hyperbolic sine of <var>x</var>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-724'><tt class='function'>sqrt</tt></a></b> (<var>x</var>)
<dd>
Return the square root of <var>x</var>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-725'><tt class='function'>tan</tt></a></b> (<var>x</var>)
<dd>
Return the tangent of <var>x</var>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-726'><tt class='function'>tanh</tt></a></b> (<var>x</var>)
<dd>
Return the hyperbolic tangent of <var>x</var>.
</dl>

<P>
The module also defines two mathematical constants:

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-727'><tt>pi</tt></a></b>
<dd>
The mathematical constant <i>pi</i>, as a real.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-728'><tt>e</tt></a></b>
<dd>
The mathematical constant <i>e</i>, as a real.
</dl>

<P>
Note that the selection of functions is similar, but not identical, to
that in module <tt class='module'><a href="module-math.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-math.html">math</a></tt>.  The reason for having
two modules is that some users aren't interested in complex numbers,
and perhaps don't even know what they are.  They would rather have
<code>math.sqrt(-1)</code> raise an exception than return a complex number.
Also note that the functions defined in <tt class="module">cmath</tt> always return a
complex number, even if the answer can be expressed as a real number
(in which case the complex number has an imaginary part of zero).

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