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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN"><html><head><title>Python Library Reference</title><META NAME="description" CONTENT="Python Library Reference"><META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="lib"><META NAME="resource-type" CONTENT="document"><META NAME="distribution" CONTENT="global"><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"><link rel="STYLESHEET" href="lib.css" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/lib.css"><LINK REL="next" href="front.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/front.html"></head><body><DIV CLASS="navigation"><table align="center" width="100%" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="2"><tr><td><img src="blank.gif" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/icons/blank.gif" border="0" height="32" alt="" width="32"></td><td><A HREF="javascript:if(confirm('http://www.python.org/doc/current/index.html \n\nThis file was not retrieved by Teleport Pro, because it is addressed on a domain or path outside the boundaries set for its Starting Address. \n\nDo you want to open it from the server?'))window.location='http://www.python.org/doc/current/index.html'" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/index.html"><img src="up.gif" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/icons/up.gif" border="0" height="32" alt="Up One Level" width="32"></A></td><td><A href="front.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/front.html"><img src="next.gif" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/icons/next.gif" border="0" height="32" alt="Next Page" width="32"></A></td><td align="center" width="100%">Python Library Reference</td><td><A href="contents.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/contents.html"><img src="contents.gif" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/icons/contents.gif" border="0" height="32" alt="Contents" width="32"></A></td><td><a href="modindex.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/modindex.html" title="Module Index"><img src="modules.gif" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/icons/modules.gif" border="0" height="32" alt="Module Index" width="32"></a></td><td><A href="genindex.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/genindex.html"><img src="index.gif" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/icons/index.gif" border="0" height="32" alt="Index" width="32"></A></td></tr></table><b class="navlabel">Up:</b> <a class="sectref" HREF="javascript:if(confirm('http://www.python.org/doc/current/index.html \n\nThis file was not retrieved by Teleport Pro, because it is addressed on a domain or path outside the boundaries set for its Starting Address. \n\nDo you want to open it from the server?'))window.location='http://www.python.org/doc/current/index.html'" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/index.html">Document Index</A><b class="navlabel">Next:</b> <a class="sectref" href="front.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/front.html">Front Matter</A><br><hr></DIV><!--End of Navigation Panel--><P><div class="titlepage"><table border="0" width="100%"><tr><td class="titlegraphic" width="30%"><img width="121" height="110" src="labslogo.gif" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/icons/labslogo.gif"></td><td><h1>Python Library Reference</h1><p><b><font size='+2'>Guido van Rossum<BR>Fred L. Drake, Jr., editor</font></b></p><p> BeOpen PythonLabs<BR>E-mail: <span class="email">python-docs@python.org</span></p><p><strong>October 16, 2000</strong><br><strong>Release 2.0</strong></p><p></td></tr></table></div><P><p><hr><!--Table of Child-Links--><UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html67" href="front.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/front.html">Front Matter</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html68" href="contents.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/contents.html">Contents</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html69" href="intro.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/intro.html">1. Introduction</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html70" href="builtin.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/builtin.html">2. Built-in Types, Exceptions and Functions</A><UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html71" href="types.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/types.html">2.1 Built-in Types </A><UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html72" href="truth.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/truth.html">2.1.1 Truth Value Testing </A><LI><A NAME="tex2html73" href="boolean.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/boolean.html">2.1.2 Boolean Operations </A><LI><A NAME="tex2html74" href="comparisons.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/comparisons.html">2.1.3 Comparisons </A><LI><A NAME="tex2html75" href="typesnumeric.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/typesnumeric.html">2.1.4 Numeric Types </A><LI><A NAME="tex2html76" href="typesseq.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/typesseq.html">2.1.5 Sequence Types </A><LI><A NAME="tex2html77" href="typesmapping.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/typesmapping.html">2.1.6 Mapping Types </A><LI><A NAME="tex2html78" href="typesother.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/typesother.html">2.1.7 Other Built-in Types </A><LI><A NAME="tex2html79" href="specialattrs.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/specialattrs.html">2.1.8 Special Attributes </A></UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html80" href="module-exceptions.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-exceptions.html">2.2 Built-in Exceptions</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html81" href="built-in-funcs.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/built-in-funcs.html">2.3 Built-in Functions </A></UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html82" href="python.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/python.html">3. Python Runtime Services </A><UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html83" href="module-sys.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-sys.html">3.1 <tt class="module">sys</tt> -- System-specific parameters and functions</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html84" href="module-gc.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-gc.html">3.2 <tt class="module">gc</tt> -- Garbage Collector interface</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html85" href="module-atexit.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-atexit.html">3.3 <tt class="module">atexit</tt> -- Exit handlers</A><UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html86" href="atexit-example.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/atexit-example.html">3.3.1 <tt class="module">atexit</tt> Example </A></UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html87" href="module-types.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-types.html">3.4 <tt class="module">types</tt> -- Names for all built-in types</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html88" href="module-UserDict.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-UserDict.html">3.5 <tt class="module">UserDict</tt> -- Class wrapper for dictionary objects</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html89" href="module-UserList.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-UserList.html">3.6 <tt class="module">UserList</tt> -- Class wrapper for list objects</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html90" href="module-UserString.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-UserString.html">3.7 <tt class="module">UserString</tt> -- Class wrapper for string objects</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html91" href="module-operator.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-operator.html">3.8 <tt class="module">operator</tt> -- Standard operators as functions.</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html92" href="module-traceback.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-traceback.html">3.9 <tt class="module">traceback</tt> -- Print or retrieve a stack traceback</A><UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html93" href="traceback-example.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/traceback-example.html">3.9.1 Traceback Example </A></UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html94" href="module-linecache.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-linecache.html">3.10 <tt class="module">linecache</tt> -- Random access to text lines</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html95" href="module-pickle.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-pickle.html">3.11 <tt class="module">pickle</tt> -- Python object serialization</A><UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html96" href="pickle-example.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/pickle-example.html">3.11.1 Example </A></UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html97" href="module-cPickle.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-cPickle.html">3.12 <tt class="module">cPickle</tt> -- Alternate implementation of <tt class="module">pickle</tt></A><LI><A NAME="tex2html98" href="module-copyreg.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-copyreg.html">3.13 <tt class="module">copy_reg</tt> -- Register <tt class="module">pickle</tt> support functions</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html99" href="module-shelve.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-shelve.html">3.14 <tt class="module">shelve</tt> -- Python object persistence</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html100" href="module-copy.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-copy.html">3.15 <tt class="module">copy</tt> -- Shallow and deep copy operations</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html101" href="module-marshal.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-marshal.html">3.16 <tt class="module">marshal</tt> -- Alternate Python object serialization</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html102" href="module-imp.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-imp.html">3.17 <tt class="module">imp</tt> -- Access the <tt class="keyword">import</tt> internals</A><UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html103" href="examples-imp.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/examples-imp.html">3.17.1 Examples</A></UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html104" href="module-code.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-code.html">3.18 <tt class="module">code</tt> -- Interpreter base classes</A><UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html105" href="interpreter-objects.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/interpreter-objects.html">3.18.1 Interactive Interpreter Objects </A><LI><A NAME="tex2html106" href="console-objects.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/console-objects.html">3.18.2 Interactive Console Objects </A></UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html107" href="module-codeop.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-codeop.html">3.19 <tt class="module">codeop</tt> -- Compile Python code</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html108" href="module-pprint.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-pprint.html">3.20 <tt class="module">pprint</tt> -- Data pretty printer</A><UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html109" href="PrettyPrinter_Objects.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/PrettyPrinter_Objects.html">3.20.1 PrettyPrinter Objects</A></UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html110" href="module-repr.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-repr.html">3.21 <tt class="module">repr</tt> -- Alternate <tt class="function">repr()</tt> implementation</A><UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html111" href="Repr-objects.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/Repr-objects.html">3.21.1 Repr Objects </A><LI><A NAME="tex2html112" href="subclassing-reprs.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/subclassing-reprs.html">3.21.2 Subclassing Repr Objects </A></UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html113" href="module-new.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-new.html">3.22 <tt class="module">new</tt> -- Creation of runtime internal objects</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html114" href="module-site.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-site.html">3.23 <tt class="module">site</tt> -- Site-specific configuration hook</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html115" href="module-user.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-user.html">3.24 <tt class="module">user</tt> -- User-specific configuration hook</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html116" href="module-builtin.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-builtin.html">3.25 <tt class="module">__builtin__</tt> -- Built-in functions</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html117" href="module-main.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-main.html">3.26 <tt class="module">__main__</tt> -- Top-level script environment</A></UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html118" href="strings.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/strings.html">4. String Services</A><UL><LI><A NAME="tex2html119" href="module-string.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-string.html">4.1 <tt class="module">string</tt> -- Common string operations</A><LI><A NAME="tex2html120" href="module-re.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-re.html">4.2 <tt class="module">re</tt> --⌨️ 快捷键说明
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