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<H1><A NAME="SECTION008100000000000000000">
6.1 <tt class="module">os</tt> --
         Miscellaneous OS interfaces</A>
</H1>

<P>


<P>
This module provides a more portable way of using operating system
(OS) dependent functionality than importing an OS dependent built-in
module like <tt class='module'><a href="module-posix.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-posix.html">posix</a></tt> or <tt class="module">nt</tt>.

<P>
This module searches for an OS dependent built-in module like
<tt class="module">mac</tt> or <tt class='module'><a href="module-posix.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-posix.html">posix</a></tt> and exports the same functions and data
as found there.  The design of all Python's built-in OS dependent
modules is such that as long as the same functionality is available,
it uses the same interface; e.g., the function
<code>os.stat(<var>path</var>)</code> returns stat information about <var>path</var> in
the same format (which happens to have originated with the
POSIX interface).

<P>
Extensions peculiar to a particular OS are also available through the
<tt class="module">os</tt> module, but using them is of course a threat to
portability!

<P>
Note that after the first time <tt class="module">os</tt> is imported, there is
<i>no</i> performance penalty in using functions from <tt class="module">os</tt>
instead of directly from the OS dependent built-in module, so there
should be <i>no</i> reason not to use <tt class="module">os</tt>!

<P>
The <tt class="module">os</tt> module contains many functions and data values.
The items below and in the following sub-sections are all available
directly from the <tt class="module">os</tt> module.

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-866'><tt class='exception'>error</tt></a></b>
<dd>
This exception is raised when a function returns a
system-related error (e.g., not for illegal argument types).  This is
also known as the built-in exception <tt class="exception">OSError</tt>.  The
accompanying value is a pair containing the numeric error code from
<tt class="cdata">errno</tt> and the corresponding string, as would be printed by the
C function <tt class="cfunction">perror()</tt>.  See the module
<tt class='module'><a href="module-errno.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-errno.html">errno</a></tt>, which contains names for the
error codes defined by the underlying operating system.

<P>
When exceptions are classes, this exception carries two attributes,
<tt class="member">errno</tt> and <tt class="member">strerror</tt>.  The first holds the value of
the C <tt class="cdata">errno</tt> variable, and the latter holds the corresponding
error message from <tt class="cfunction">strerror()</tt>.  For exceptions that
involve a file system path (e.g. <tt class="function">chdir()</tt> or
<tt class="function">unlink()</tt>), the exception instance will contain a third
attribute, <tt class="member">filename</tt>, which is the file name passed to the
function.

<P>
When exceptions are strings, the string for the exception is
<code>'OSError'</code>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-867'><tt>name</tt></a></b>
<dd>
The name of the OS dependent module imported.  The following names
have currently been registered: <code>'posix'</code>, <code>'nt'</code>,
<code>'dos'</code>, <code>'mac'</code>, <code>'os2'</code>, <code>'ce'</code>, <code>'java'</code>.
</dl>

<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-868'><tt>path</tt></a></b>
<dd>
The corresponding OS dependent standard module for pathname
operations, e.g., <tt class="module">posixpath</tt> or <tt class="module">macpath</tt>.  Thus, given
the proper imports, <code>os.path.split(<var>file</var>)</code> is equivalent to but
more portable than <code>posixpath.split(<var>file</var>)</code>.  Note that this 
is also a valid module: it may be imported directly as
<tt class='module'><a href="module-os.path.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-os.path.html">os.path</a></tt>.
</dl>

<P>

<p><hr>
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<A NAME="CHILD_LINKS"><STRONG>Subsections</STRONG></A>

<UL>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html2176"
  href="os-procinfo.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/os-procinfo.html">6.1.1 Process Parameters </A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html2177"
  href="os-newstreams.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/os-newstreams.html">6.1.2 File Object Creation </A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html2178"
  href="os-fd-ops.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/os-fd-ops.html">6.1.3 File Descriptor Operations </A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html2179"
  href="os-file-dir.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/os-file-dir.html">6.1.4 Files and Directories </A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html2180"
  href="os-process.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/os-process.html">6.1.5 Process Management </A>
<LI><A NAME="tex2html2181"
  href="os-path.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/os-path.html">6.1.6 Miscellaneous System Information </A>
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