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<H2>
<BR>
6.1.4 Files and Directories
</H2>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-945'><tt class='function'>access</tt></a></b> (<var>path, mode</var>)
<dd>
Check read/write/execute permissions for this process or existence of
file <var>path</var>. <var>mode</var> should be <tt class="constant">F_OK</tt> to test the
existence of <var>path</var>, or it can be the inclusive OR of one or more
of <tt class="constant">R_OK</tt>, <tt class="constant">W_OK</tt>, and <tt class="constant">X_OK</tt> to test
permissions. Return <code>1</code> if access is allowed, <code>0</code> if not.
See the Unix man page <span class='manpage'><i>access</i>(2)</span> for more information.
Availability: Unix, Windows.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-946'><tt>F_OK</tt></a></b>
<dd>
Value to pass as the <var>mode</var> parameter of <tt class="function">access()</tt> to
test the existence of <var>path</var>.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-947'><tt>R_OK</tt></a></b>
<dd>
Value to include in the <var>mode</var> parameter of <tt class="function">access()</tt>
to test the readability of <var>path</var>.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-948'><tt>W_OK</tt></a></b>
<dd>
Value to include in the <var>mode</var> parameter of <tt class="function">access()</tt>
to test the writability of <var>path</var>.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-949'><tt>X_OK</tt></a></b>
<dd>
Value to include in the <var>mode</var> parameter of <tt class="function">access()</tt>
to determine if <var>path</var> can be executed.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-950'><tt class='function'>chdir</tt></a></b> (<var>path</var>)
<dd>
Change the current working directory to <var>path</var>.
Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-951'><tt class='function'>getcwd</tt></a></b> ()
<dd>
Return a string representing the current working directory.
Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-952'><tt class='function'>chmod</tt></a></b> (<var>path, mode</var>)
<dd>
Change the mode of <var>path</var> to the numeric <var>mode</var>.
Availability: Unix, Windows.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-953'><tt class='function'>chown</tt></a></b> (<var>path, uid, gid</var>)
<dd>
Change the owner and group id of <var>path</var> to the numeric <var>uid</var>
and <var>gid</var>.
Availability: Unix.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-954'><tt class='function'>link</tt></a></b> (<var>src, dst</var>)
<dd>
Create a hard link pointing to <var>src</var> named <var>dst</var>.
Availability: Unix.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-955'><tt class='function'>listdir</tt></a></b> (<var>path</var>)
<dd>
Return a list containing the names of the entries in the directory.
The list is in arbitrary order. It does not include the special
entries <code>'.'</code> and <code>'..'</code> even if they are present in the
directory.
Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-956'><tt class='function'>lstat</tt></a></b> (<var>path</var>)
<dd>
Like <tt class="function">stat()</tt>, but do not follow symbolic links.
Availability: Unix.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-957'><tt class='function'>mkfifo</tt></a></b> (<var>path</var><big>[</big><var>, mode</var><big>]</big>)
<dd>
Create a FIFO (a named pipe) named <var>path</var> with numeric mode
<var>mode</var>. The default <var>mode</var> is <code>0666</code> (octal). The current
umask value is first masked out from the mode.
Availability: Unix.
<P>
FIFOs are pipes that can be accessed like regular files. FIFOs exist
until they are deleted (for example with <tt class="function">os.unlink()</tt>).
Generally, FIFOs are used as rendezvous between ``client'' and
``server'' type processes: the server opens the FIFO for reading, and
the client opens it for writing. Note that <tt class="function">mkfifo()</tt>
doesn't open the FIFO -- it just creates the rendezvous point.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-958'><tt class='function'>mkdir</tt></a></b> (<var>path</var><big>[</big><var>, mode</var><big>]</big>)
<dd>
Create a directory named <var>path</var> with numeric mode <var>mode</var>.
The default <var>mode</var> is <code>0777</code> (octal). On some systems,
<var>mode</var> is ignored. Where it is used, the current umask value is
first masked out.
Availability: Macintosh, Unix, Windows.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-959'><tt class='function'>makedirs</tt></a></b> (<var>path</var><big>[</big><var>, mode</var><big>]</big>)
<dd>
Recursive directory creation function. Like <tt class="function">mkdir()</tt>,
but makes all intermediate-level directories needed to contain the
leaf directory. Throws an <tt class="exception">error</tt> exception if the leaf
directory already exists or cannot be created. The default <var>mode</var>
is <code>0777</code> (octal).
New in version 1.5.2.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-960'><tt class='function'>pathconf</tt></a></b> (<var>path, name</var>)
<dd>
Return system configuration information relevant to a named file.
<var>name</var> specifies the configuration value to retrieve; it may be a
string which is the name of a defined system value; these names are
specified in a number of standards (POSIX.1, Unix95, Unix98, and
others). Some platforms define additional names as well. The names
known to the host operating system are given in the
<code>pathconf_names</code> dictionary. For configuration variables not
included in that mapping, passing an integer for <var>name</var> is also
accepted.
Availability: Unix.
<P>
If <var>name</var> is a string and is not known, <tt class="exception">ValueError</tt> is
raised. If a specific value for <var>name</var> is not supported by the
host system, even if it is included in <code>pathconf_names</code>, an
<tt class="exception">OSError</tt> is raised with <tt class="constant">errno.EINVAL</tt> for the
error number.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-961'><tt>pathconf_names</tt></a></b>
<dd>
Dictionary mapping names accepted by <tt class="function">pathconf()</tt> and
<tt class="function">fpathconf()</tt> to the integer values defined for those names
by the host operating system. This can be used to determine the set
of names known to the system.
Availability: Unix.
</dl>
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